API Build-data JSON Resources
Theme

Choose how MSRBot.io looks on this device.

Auto (match system) Light mode Dark mode

Preference is stored in this browser only.

Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943)
[ACTIVE]

The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development

Metadata

Publisher
SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type
Journal Article
Content Type
Original Research
Abbreviated Title
J SMPE
Volume
40, No. 2, pp. 107–136
Abstract
Non-uniformily of development is aggravated by short developing times and particularly at gammas far below gamma infinity. This non-uniformily can be partially overcome by agitation of the developer and a number of essentially different methods of developer agitation of interest, in motion picture work have been studied experimentally. The case of continuous agitation was studied by flowing the developer through a conduit in which the film was located. It was found that good uniformity is attainable not merely when turbulent flow is established but only when the intensity of turbulence is sufficiently great to reduce and make uniform the thickness of the quiescent liquid layer at the film surface. When agitation is of the intermittent type such as supplied by some of the present-day submerged jet systems or the cascade method, increased agitation is attainable usually by increased frequency of jet application rather than by greater liquid flow. Little improvement can be obtained by moderate increases in the film running speed or the rate of general circulation of developer in most of the present-day machine tanks. The agitation intensity could be increased much beyond the levels of present-day practice but, except for a slight reduction in fog in certain cases, the effect of increased agitation on quality would not be significant. Methods of agitation are discussed in relation to the problems of application to machine design.
Publication Date
1943-02-01
DOI
10.5594/J14279
ISSN
Print: 0097-5834
Link
https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279
Author(s)
C. E. Ives
E. W. Jensen
Copyright
© 1943 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

  • 1 Crabtree J. : “Directional Effects in Continuous Film Processing,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XVIII (Feb., 1932 ), p. 207 . EXTERNAL
  • 10 Bakhmeteff B. A. : “The Mechanics of Turbulent Flow,” Princeton University Press , 1936 . EXTERNAL
  • 11 Ives C. E. Kunz C. J. : “Solution Agitation by Means of Compressed Air,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXXIV (April, 1940 ), p. 364 . EXTERNAL
  • 12 Ives C. E. : “An Improved Roller-Type Developing Rack with Stationary Drive,” J. Soc. Met. Pict. Eng. , XXXI (Oct., 1938 ), p. 393 . EXTERNAL
  • 2 Crabtree J. : “Uniformity in Photographic Development,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXV (Dec., 1935 ), p. 512 . EXTERNAL
  • 3 Crabtree J. Waddell J. H. : “Directional Effects in Sound-Film Processing—II,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXI (Nov., 1933 ), p. 351 . EXTERNAL
  • 4 Clark Walter : “The Technique of Uniform Development,” Phot. Tech. (Oct., 1940 ), p. 54 . EXTERNAL
  • 5 Bullock E. R. : “On Convection Effects in Photographic Bathing Operations in Absence of Agitation,” Amer. Phot. , 16 (March, 1922 ), p. 162 . EXTERNAL
  • 6 Leshing M. Ingman T. Pier K. : “Reduction of Development Sprocket-Hole Modulation,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXXVI (May, 1941 ), p. 475 . EXTERNAL
  • 7 Best G. M. Gage F. R. : “A Modern Studio Laboratory,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXXV (Sept., 1940 ), p. 294 . EXTERNAL
  • 8 Clark W. : “Standard Development,” Phot. J. (New Series) , 49 (Feb., 1925 ), p. 76 . EXTERNAL
  • 9 Davies S. J. White C. M. : “A Review of Flow in Pipes and Channels,” Engineering , 128 (July 19, 1929 ), p. 69 ; Ibid., 128 (July 26, 1929), p. 98; Ibid., 128 (Aug. 2, 1929), p. 131. EXTERNAL
Source Data (JSON)

Full registry record with provenance metadata. Open directly: /api/doc/10.5594-J14279.json

Reference Tree

Explore all references and references to this document, as a navigable tree.

Open Reference Tree
Reference this Doc

Plain text (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:
C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279
Snippet:
C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279

HTML (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:
C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279
Snippet:
<span class="citation">C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; <cite>The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279</a></span>

SMPTE Icon SMPTE's HTML Pub

Preview:
C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943
doi: 10.5594/J14279
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/J14279
Snippet:
<li>
C. E. Ives and E. W. Jensen; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j14279">The Effect of Developer Agitation on Density Uniformity and Rate of Development</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 40, Issue: 2, February 1943); SMPTE, 1943
<span class="doi">10.5594/J14279</span>
</li>

Referenced By