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    "abstract": "The moisture content of photographic film is a critical feature that influences physical properties, mold growth, and chemical stability. It is characterized by the moisture equilibrium curve, which is a plot of the moisture content as a function of the relative humidity. The effect of temperature on the moisture equilibrium curve is the main thrust of this article, which discusses the practical implications of these data for accelerated incubation studies. The temperature effect on the rates of moisture conditioning on film in several practical storage configurations and enclosures is presented. Finally, data are given on the moisture protection afforded by different enclosures, leading to recommendations on the cold storage of photographic film.",
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    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
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    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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        "orphan/10.5594-J00022/bibr2-10.5594_J00022"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Release print laboratories require a method of quickly making photographic duplicate negatives to replace damaged original negative sections. The paper shows the development of a method of making dupes which have the same optimal print densities as the original negatives. A selection of film stocks is first made using the ratio of transmission between black area and fogs as a “yardstick.” Processing data are shown in a family of curves, and the “best operating point” for the entire process has been determined. Fog considerations have been carried throughout the process. An outline of commercial practice is given together with the necessary routine tests.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. W. Roberts"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Ace Film Laboratories, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y.",
        "name": "E. Taenzer"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00023",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Photographic Duping of Variable-Area Sound",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00023",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00023",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "26–37",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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        "orphan/10.5594-J00023/bibr5-10.5594_J00023"
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      "active": true
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    "volume": "34",
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          "id": "orphan/10.5594-J00023/bibr1-10.5594_J00023",
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    "docDependancy": true,
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Release print laboratories need some sort of device to check quickly sound-track center-line positions on release prints. No satisfactory device was available, so a measuring machine was developed that indicates track position directly on a dial indicator.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. W. Roberts"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Ace Film Laboratories, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y.",
        "name": "H. R. Cook"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00024",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "A Sound-Track Center-Line Measuring Device",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00024",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00024",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "38–42",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "34",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "In view of its bearing on the design of ground-noise-reduction systems, a study was undertaken to determine how sudden or rapid are the increases in amplitude of the speech sounds that must be recorded in dialog. A large number of oscillograms were taken, a number of which are reproduced herewith. The most important observation is that the human voice can start several of the vowel sounds in such a way that the first wave is from 40 to 80 per cent of the final amplitude, or, in other words, with a suddenness comparable to that of keying in an oscillator. However, this is rare, being for all practical purposes confined to a few of the more open vowel sounds, when not preceded by any consonant, and true only of certain individuals, depending on the manner of releasing the breath. Progressive build-up at rates which would carry the modulation from zero to 100 per cent in 0.05 second are frequent, while the great majority of syllables start more gradually than this.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "R. O. Drew"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Manufacturing Co., Camden, N. J.",
        "name": "E. W. Kellogg"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00025",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Starting Characteristics of Speech Sounds",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00025",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00025",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "43–58",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "34",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The contention that a linear recording and reproducing system represents the ideal, and that sound handled by such a system will be exactly represented, is not borne out by experience. Systems have been built which meet this requirement within limits that are not detectable by the ear and yet these systems do not reproduce sound as it actually is produced. In many cases a definite non-linear response curve is provided to compensate for some factor that is not covered by the above contention. It is the author's thesis that this discrepancy is due to the ear sensitivity to frequencies as a function of loudness. Using the ear-sensitivity curves presented by Fletcher and Munson of the Bell Telephone Laboratories (which have been verified by other observers) it is shown how the ear introduces frequency distortion to a linear system when the sound is reproduced at a level other than the level at which it is produced. It is shown how a sound reproduced above the incident sound-level introduces excessive low frequencies. The case for a sound reproduced at a lower level is also examined and the conclusion is drawn that this case accentuates the high frequencies. It is further shown that the possibility of correcting for the limited volume range of all sound systems may lie in the type of amplifier response curve. A description is given of three methods used to achieve the desired amplifier characteristics: (1) a mechanical method, (2) a linear-non-linear system, and (3) a selective by-pass system. Circuits are given and the important operating points of each are discussed. The objections to each system are also given. Further, a brief summary, with diagrams, describes the various set-ups used to record with these amplifiers. This covers work for radio, disk record, and sound-film.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.",
        "name": "S. L. Reiches"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00026",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Volume Distortion",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00026",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00026",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "59–75",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/34/1/9/",
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    },
    "volume": "34",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "In all motion picture photography and projection, lenses of high relative aperture must be used. However, on account of the small size of the amateur frame, the focal length is short, and the linear aperture of the lens is therefore small, resulting in considerable depth of field. Thus in cine work, great lens speed is not automatically associated with small depth, as is the case in ordinary photography. Moreover, as the entire motion picture frame must be seen by the eye at a glance, the angular field covered must be much smaller than in still pictures which may be examined critically and deliberately. This fact is of the greatest assistance to the lens designer because high aperture and field are inevitably somewhat incompatible, and types of lens construction which favor aperture generally cover a relatively small field. Perspective considerations usually require a projection lens covering only about half the angular field covered by the taking lens, which fact enables projection lenses of very high relative aperture to be made. Some of the types of construction commonly used in amateur cine lenses are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "R. Kingslake"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00027",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Lenses for Amateur Motion Picture Equipment (16- and 8-mm)",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00027",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00027",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "76–87",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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        "orphan/10.5594-J00027/bibr5-10.5594_J00027"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/34/1/10/",
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    },
    "volume": "34",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Proposals have been received from the ISA Secretariat for International Standardization of raw-film cores; 16-mm sound-film; projection reels; projection reel boxes; 8-mm film dimensions; and definition and marking of safety film. Most of these proposals differ from the SMPE standards only in tolerance. Some of the tolerances appear to be unimportant and some important. The European practice for projection reels differs so widely from the American practice that it is deemed impossible to come to an international agreement. Standardization of 16-mm projection reel boxes appears to be outside the range of useful standardization. The international standard definition of safety film has been cleared up in all points except the question of nitrogen content. The question of sound-track dimensions for 35-mm and 16-mm film was clarified, to a considerable extent, at the Hollywood meeting of the Committee but no definite conclusions have yet been reached. No satisfactory standard for 16-mm sound-film sprockets has yet been attained.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00028",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Standards Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00028",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00028",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "88–93",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/34/1/11/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "34",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "An indication is given of the quantity of illumination used on interior motion picture sets together with the technic of “key-lighting.” Key-lighting levels in common use are stated and some of the variables in light balance are mentioned.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00029",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Studio Lighting Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00029",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00029",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "94–97",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
      "bibliographic": [
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      ]
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/34/1/12/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "34",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J14556"
    ],
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    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Working toward closer coördination between the creative and technical groups in the making of motion pictures the author points out the objective and factors essential to good motion picture entertainment. Subsequently to the analysis of the general problem, examples are given illustrating the types of problems where technical knowledge can assist in obtaining a better dramatic result.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Paramount Studios, Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "Loren L. Ryder"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00030",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "The Importance of Coöperation between Story Construction and Sound to Achieve a New Personality in Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00030",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00030",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "98–102",
    "publicationDate": "1940-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/34/1/13/",
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    "volume": "34",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the Conventions of the Society, symposiums on new motion picture apparatus are held, in which various manufacturers of equipment describe and demonstrate their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Electrical Research Products, Inc., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "A. L. Holcomb"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00031",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "New Motion Picture Apparatus: A Multiduty Motor System",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00031",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "103–113",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The editors present for convenient reference a list of articles dealing with subjects cognate to motion picture engineering published in a number of selected journals. Photostatic copies may be obtained from the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., or from the New York Public Library, New York, N. Y. Micro copies of articles in magazines that are available may be obtained from the Bibliofilm Service, Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C.",
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      "year": "1940"
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    "docTitle": "Current Literature of Interest to the Motion Picture Engineer",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "114–115",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "C. A. Lovell"
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      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00033",
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    "docTitle": "“Applied Acoustics” (Harry F. Olson and Frank Massa; 1939) [Book Review]",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "116–116",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "117–119",
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      "year": "1940"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00035",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 34, Issue: 1, January 1940)",
    "docTitle": "Society Announcements",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00035",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "120–122",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "It has been the custom of the Society for a number of years to invite a distinguished guest to the Fall Convention to address the Convention on Awards Night on some phase of engineering, not necessarily directly concerned with motion pictures or television, but of great general interest. In view of the rapid expansion of photographic instrumentation in space technology it seemed particularly apropos that Edgar M. Cortright, Chief of Advanced Technology Programs of the National Aeronautics Space Administration, be invited to address the 1959 Fall Convention. Mr. Cortright's talk on the National Space Program proved of such wide interest and the developments he described are so important that it has been decided to publish the major part of his address in order that it may be read by those who could not hear him and also for documentation for future reference.—Glenn E. Matthews, Editorial Vice-President.",
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    "docTitle": "The National Space Program",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "1–8",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "year": "1960"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1960"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00036iiA",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
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      "year": "1960"
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    "number": "1",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Experiences with data from optical tracking instrumentation at the Atlantic Missile Range have shown that excellent satellite orbit determinations can be obtained from such data. Results are exemplified by tracking data on passes of satellite 1958 delta one (Sputnik III rocket). Various methods of orbit determination are discussed and applications of some of the simpler methods are illustrated. For shortcomings found with existing equipment, specific improvements are recommended.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Douglas Duke"
      }
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00037",
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    "docTitle": "Orbit Determination from Optical Tracking",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00037",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "9–18",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Earth satellites provide meteorology with an observing platform commensurate with the global nature of weather. One of the most promising satellite observations is of cloud distribution and type. Several image-sensing systems are being considered. Cloud images, both day and night with a resolution of about 0.5 mile, are ultimately desired. Problems in sensing instrumentation, communications, processing and data presentation must be solved before an operational system becomes a reality.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "David S. Johnson"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00038",
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    "docTitle": "Image Sensing as Applied to Meteorological Satellites",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "14–18",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A brief description is given of the satellite environment. The constraints and deleterious effects of the environment on image sensors and sensing systems are evaluated. Environment-induced engineering modifications of the vidicon are discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Milton Ritter"
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      {
        "name": "M. H. Mesner"
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    "docTitle": "Image Sensors and Space Environment",
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    "number": "1",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Infrared images of the Earth's surface and atmosphere obtained from a satellite are important to the study of the meteorology of the Earth, and present unique problems in systems design and in image conversion techniques. The known and inferred infrared properties of the Earth are the basis on which detector systems and the sensors themselves may be considered for satellite use. The improvement of sensor spectral sensitivity and response time will make possible better experiments and studies of the atmosphere in the future.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "R. A. Hanel"
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      {
        "name": "W. G. Stroud"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00040",
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    "docTitle": "Infrared Imaging from Satellites",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00040",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "25–26",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Space communications are essentially line-of-sight transmissions complicated by nonstationary terminals and the literally astronomical distances involved. Severe limitations on available power and weight restrict transmitter power, and therefore narrow bandwidths for transmission of pictorial data are required. These unique conditions underlie certain problems and possible solutions.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. F. Baumunk"
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      {
        "name": "S. H. Roth"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00041",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Pictorial Data Transmission from a Space Vehicle",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00041",
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    "number": "1",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Simultaneous pickup and electrostatic storage of optical information are accomplished by using a transducer consisting of a pickup tube with a layer of photoconductor overlaid by a thin layer of highly insulating material. Recording is achieved by simultaneous optical exposure of the photoconductor and electronic beam contact to the insulator. A charge pattern corresponding to the optical pattern remains on the insulator. During the storage period, which may be for several days, the target is insensitive to light and radiation. When readout is desired, the charge image is read by an electron beam, as in a television pickup tube. The images may be stored on fixed targets or on a flexible tape.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. C Hutter"
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      {
        "name": "J. A Inslee"
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      {
        "name": "T. H Moore"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00042",
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    "docTitle": "Electrostatic Imaging and Recording",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00042",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "32–35",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration includes several projects designed to obtain astronomical observations from satellites. Telescopes with apertures up to at least 36 in. appear to be practical for satellite use. They will be individually designed for particular spectral regions and particular experimental objectives and usually will be based on photodetectors and electronics imaging devices which will substitute for the camera and the human eye.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Nancy G. Roman"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00043",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Satellite Astronomical Telescopes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00043",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00043",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "35–38",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/11/",
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    "volume": "69",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Television techniques are planned to aid in the exploration of the lunar surface, with emphasis on the obtaining of high-resolution pictures from an impacting probe. A television link back to Earth will permit controlled soft-landings on the Moon and subsequent surface examinations. The optics, the television and the communications parameters are considered.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "S. W Spaulding"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00044",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Television and Lunar Exploration",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00044",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00044",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "39–43",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/12/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "69",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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      "10.5594-J07321",
      "10.5594-J13758"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A Summary and a few concluding remarks are in order after these papers of the Space Technology and Image Sensing Sessions. I should like to comment briefly on the papers previously presented and highlight those items which I feel are of the most specific interest to members of SMPTE.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Sidney Sternberg"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00045",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Space Technology and Image Sensing: Summary and Conclusions",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00045",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00045",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "44–44",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/13/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "69",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J07321"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Development of new techniques for the production of low-budget, fast-process motion pictures has made the use of film of practical importance to business firms for interdepartmental communiques, presentation of reports and other purposes. The use of technical films by International Business Machines Corp. is discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Marge T. Brislin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00046",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "The Technical Motion Picture as a Means of Communication",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00046",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00046",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "45–46",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/14/",
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    },
    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A Proposed SMPTE Recommended Practice, Density and Contrast Range of Monochrome Films and Slides for Television, is published here for a three-month period of trial and criticism. All comments should be sent to J. Howard Schumacher, Staff Engineer, prior to May 15, 1960. If no adverse comments are received, the proposal will then be submitted to the Society's Board of Governors for approval as an SMPTE Recommended Practice. - J.H.S.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00047",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Proposed SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 7: Density and Contrast Range of Monochrome Films and Slides for Television",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00047",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00047",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "47–52",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/15/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Atlanta Section met on December 8 at the Kodak Processing Laboratory, Chamblee, Ga., with an attendance of 38.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00048",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Section Reports",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00048",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00048",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "54–59",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/16/",
    "status": {
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    },
    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "obit",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00049",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Obituaries",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00049",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00049",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "60–62",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/17/",
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    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Pierre Mertz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ralph E. Lovell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Glenn E. Matthews"
      },
      {
        "name": "M. T. Pappas"
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    ],
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00050",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Eye, Film and Camera in Color Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00050",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00050",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "62–64",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/18/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00051",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "TV and Film Production Data Book",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00051",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00051",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "64–65",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY"
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    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00052",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Perspective: Quarterly Review of Progress in Photography, Cinematography, Sound and Image Recording. Vol. 1, No. 2, 1959",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00052",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00052",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "65–65",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY"
    },
    "status": {
      "active": true
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    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00053",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Proceedings of the National Electronics Conference Vol. 14",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00053",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00053",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "65–66",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY"
    },
    "status": {
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    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00054",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Camera",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00054",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00054",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "66–68",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY"
    },
    "status": {
      "active": true
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    "volume": "69",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00055",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Film: An Anthology",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00055",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00055",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "68–68",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY"
    },
    "status": {
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    "volume": "69",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This Report supplements and brings up to date the authors' exhaustive study of the nontheatrical field, “Scope and Nature of Nontheatrical Films in the United States,” published in the June 1959 issue of the Journal (pp. 387–392).",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "John Flory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thomas W. Hope"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00056",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Nontheatrical Films — An Interim Report",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00056",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00056",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "70–70",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/19/",
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    "volume": "69",
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    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J13789"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Further information about these items can be obtained direct from the addresses given. As in the case of technical papers, the Society is not responsible for manufacturers' statements, and publication of these items does not constitute endorsement of the products or services.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00057",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "New Products: (And Developments)",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00057",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00057",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "72–79",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/20/",
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    "referencedBy": [
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "These notices are published for the service of the membership and the field. They are inserted three months, at no charge to the member. The Society's address cannot be used for replies.",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00058",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 69, Issue: 1, January 1960)",
    "docTitle": "Employment Service",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00058",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00058",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "79–79",
    "publicationDate": "1960-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/69/1/21/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "pages": "72–76",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "volume": "89",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "news",
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      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00075",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 1, January 1980)",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "78–85",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "122–122",
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    "pages": "i–i",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "pages": "ii–ii",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The goal of a unified worldwide standard for HDTV studio origination and international program exchange was recommended by the World Broadcasting Conference in 1983 and remains the ultimate goal of the CCIR. Its achievement is difficult because inherent to its success is full recognition that scanning standards conversion, for all regions, is integral to relating HDTV master programs to existing (and to future) world broadcasting standards. The 1125/60 HDTV proposal is a pragmatic set of scanning parameters upon which such unity can be achieved. Program production for 1125/60 HDTV is now under way in the U.S., Canada, and Japan, and the producers of these programs have an immediate need to deliver their software via the current 525/59.94 broadcast standard. This article describes an 1125/60 HDTV-related standards converter designed to support HDTV post-production and its subsequent downconversion to 525/59.94.",
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      {
        "name": "Kunio Matsumoto"
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      {
        "name": "Tatsuya Kuboto"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00078",
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    "pages": "124–135",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Significant picture-quality improvements to the field-sequential stereoscopic TV system can be achieved by using an alternative time-multiplexed stereoscopic display technique. This article describes a new system of presenting television programs in 3-D using ferroelectric liquid crystal shutter (LCS) glasses, and some findings of psychovisual experiments relating to human depth perception provided by this system. The advantages of the system include no reduction in vertical resolution, complete freedom from flicker, full color, and reduced visual fatigue.",
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      {
        "name": "Haruo Isono"
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      {
        "name": "Minoru Yasuda"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00079",
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    "docTitle": "Flicker-Free Field-Sequential Stereoscopic TV System and Measurement of Human Depth Perception",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "136–141",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Motion-picture recording and editing require large amounts of data storage media. Magnetic media will continue to play a major role, but there has been much talk of optical disks providing new capabilities for the motion-picture industry. The cost, capacities, and performance of optical disks have, however, limited their application in some areas. Flexible optical media, or Digital Paper, in disk and tape format, offers a new mix of cost, capacity, and performance capabilities that can make optical media more attractive. This article will explain the technology and its benefits for the motion-picture industry.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Steven J. Abbott"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00080",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Paper—Flexible Optical Data Storage Media",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00080",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "142–144",
    "publicationDate": "1990-02-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "International transmission experiments from Japan to Australia and from Korea to Japan using the multiple sub-Nyquist subsampling encoding (MUSE) signal were successfully carried out in 1988. The first transmission was conducted on a three-hop basis using CS-2, INTELSAT, and AUSSAT. The second was a live broadcast of the Seoul Olympic Games in combination with INTELSAT and BS-2. Both transmsissions obtained a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of about 17.5 dB, which corresponds to the limit of perception of noise impairment. Excellent waveform transmission characteristics were also obtained by employing intermediate-frequency (IF) and baseband equalizers. It was concluded that international and domestic transmission of HDTV can be performed by existing satellites and earth stations without modifications, as long as modulators and earth stations are connected by an IF signal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Keiichi Kubota"
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      {
        "name": "Yuichi Iwadate"
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      {
        "name": "Kenzo Seo"
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      {
        "name": "Mutsuo Matsumoto"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
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      "year": "1990"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00081",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 99, Issue: 2, February 1990)",
    "docTitle": "International Transmission of HDTV Signals",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00081",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "145–150",
    "publicationDate": "1990-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Unified Television Equipment Control System (UTECS) was born out of a need to control many different devices from a central point. UTECS is a fully integrated system that allows over 200 different pieces of television transmission equipment to be remotely controlled from one or more central control panels. The system, using a universal control panel, can be adapted to handle various types of equipment by using “smart” device interfaces tailored to each device. It can also support up to four control panels and an interface to a routing switcher by including a central system controller. Each device may have up to eight analog and eight switchable functions. A few unusual applications of the system are also described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Merv Graham"
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    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1990"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article, after presenting parameters of the different standards, discusses extensions of a hierarchical family of studio standards. It emphasizes the complementary levels of the hierarchy of standards when associated with a ranking of studio equipment. Members of the hierarchy are mainly described by the signal representation of their luminance component. Other levels can be derived from the different options for the color-difference signal representation. Practical considerations on performance and interface aspects allow the selection of the most appropriate options. Further analysis of the practical implementation of digital interfaces shows that some interlace and progressive signal representations can make use of the same equipment. The hierarchy of equipment offers great flexibility in respect to cost or technical constraints, in that the most appropriate standard can be used for the application.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Thomson-CSF/LER, Cesson-Sevigne, France.",
        "name": "Jean Chatel"
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    "docTitle": "Compatible Hierarchy of Studio Standards",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new high-speed color video camera for broadcast use provides high-quality slow-motion images, which previously had to be taken by a film camera. The system is made possible by a new solid-state imaging device, which has 250,000 pixels and an electronic shutter. It can take 360 field pictures/sec. An 800-Mbyte solid-state storage permits the recording of real-time events for up to 12 sec in a loop, thus allowing an operator to replay at any speed immediately following recording by slow motion.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK) Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshihiro Fujita"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK) Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Fumihiko Andoh"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK) Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Kohji Mitani"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK) Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Masayuki Sugahara"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK) Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Masao Fujiwara"
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      "year": "1990"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00098",
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    "docTitle": "A New High-Speed Camera System for Broadcast Use — The Action Analyzer",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article describes joint experiments by Thomson Video Equipement and the U.K. Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) that have demonstrated some of the capabilities of an extended-definition television (EDTV) system using 625/50/1 (progressive) scanning at source and display and 625/50/2 (interlaced) scanning for intermediate studio processing and transmission. Also described is the first application of this EDTV system. A large outside-broadcast (OB) production van has been built by Thomson, using the principles defined by this experiment.",
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        "affiliation": "Thomson Video Equipement, Paris, France",
        "name": "Bernard Tichit"
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        "affiliation": "Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), Winchester, U.K.",
        "name": "Gary Tonge"
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        "affiliation": "Thomson Video Equipement, Paris, France",
        "name": "Jean Pierre Lacotte"
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    "docTitle": "Progressive Scanning: An EDTV Gateway to HDTV",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A digital audio signal-transmission system, in which high-quality digital stereo audio is multiplexed in the video carrier using a quadrature modulation method, is proposed. This system is fully compatible with the NTSC terrestrial television system and employs three new methods to improve compatibility with the existing NTSC system: dicode modulation, line interleaving, and line-comb filtering. Theoretical analysis and experiments show the feasibility of this transmission system at a data rate of 850 kbits/sec and a multiplexing level of—26 dB.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Research Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Tsutomu Noda"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Research Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Isao Nakagawa"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Research Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Takatoshi Shirosugi"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Research Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Keirou Shinkawa"
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        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Research Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Shigeo Matsuura"
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    "docTitle": "A Digital Audio Transmission System Using Quadrature Modulation of the NTSC Television Carrier",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article describes a high-performance HDTV telecine designed and built by Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories in the U.S. and the U.K. HDTV telecines previously demonstrated have exhibited limited performance, particularly in the transfer of color negative film. The Kodak experimental telecine is designed to translate the superior image quality of today's finegrain film stocks to the HDTV signal format. By using a novel design of line array charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors and new illumination and signal processing, color negative film is scanned with uncompromised performance.",
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Ltd., Research Division, Harrow, U.K.",
        "name": "R. Lees"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "L. Bernstein"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "H. Erhardt"
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Ltd., Research Division, Harrow, U.K.",
        "name": "R. Godden"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "G. Kennel"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "D. Kessler"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "A. Kurtz"
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Ltd., Research Division, Harrow, U.K.",
        "name": "J. Loveridge"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "L. Moore"
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Ltd., Research Division, Harrow, U.K.",
        "name": "R. Sharman"
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    "docTitle": "High-Performance CCD Telecine for HDTV",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Joyce R. Hurwitz"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00102",
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    "docTitle": "The SMPTE Hollywood Section — A Profile",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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        "affiliation": "Convention Center, New York City October 13-17, 1990",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00103",
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    "docTitle": "132nd SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit: Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York City October 13–17, 1990",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00104",
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    "docTitle": "The 25th Annual SMPTE Television Conference: Westin Hotel: Detroit, Michigan February 1–2, 1991",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "10",
    "pages": "849–850",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1990"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00105",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "852–852",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "news",
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      "year": "1990"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00106",
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    "number": "10",
    "pages": "856–860",
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    "abstract": "In the SMPTE and the European Broadcasting Union, groups are working toward a single format for digital television tape recording. This paper discusses the relative benefits of different methods of distributing words, both on the tape and between one head and another. The use of every head on all parts of the picture is shown to be beneficial. This conclusion is reached both from considerations of head clogging and of variations of performance between one head channel and another. Formats with one group of clustered heads are the only formats which automatically result in all heads being used equally on all parts of the picture, ensuring freedom from head-banding.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "J. L. E. Baldwin, Independent Broadeasting Authority, U. K.",
        "name": "J. L. E. Baldwin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00118",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "The Effect of Word Distribution on the Error Management of Digital Television Recorders",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00118",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00118",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "642–645",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/16/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Many VTRs, particularly 3/4-in. U-Matic format machines, are not designed with application to high-speed, time-code editing in mind. This presents a major challenge to the designer of computer-assisted editing systems to provide the user with consistant maximum performance, regardless of the type of VTR selected. In order to accomplish this goal, it is necessary to evaluate each model of VTR carefully before it is interfaced to the system. In particular, the ability to use audio channels at very high and low speeds, accuracy of control, edit-timing sequence logic, as well as the dynamics of video versus control track and tach pulse, are examined in this article.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Douglas Thornton, CMX Systems/Orrox Corp., 3303 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95051. Both authors are affiliated with CMX Systems/Orrox Corp.",
        "name": "Douglas Thornton"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Douglas Thornton, CMX Systems/Orrox Corp., 3303 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95051. Both authors are affiliated with CMX Systems/Orrox Corp.",
        "name": "Gene Simon"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00119",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "VTR Modifications for Computer-Assisted Editing Systems",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00119",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00119",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "646–649",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/17/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article describes the many factors necessary for long-term videotape storage, including a cool, dry environment and proper VTR maintenance. Correct winding techniques are described, detailing tape faults, proper wind tension, and how often the tape should be rewound. Several suggestions are given for measures to prolong the life of videotape, as well as advice on what to do if the tape is exposed to heat or water. A family of constant-moisture curves is given to illustrate the environmental limits of both the tape and the VTR.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Jim Wheeler, Ampex Corp., Redwood City, Calif.",
        "name": "Jim Wheeler"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00120",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Long-Term Storage of Videotape",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00120",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00120",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "650–654",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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      "normative": []
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/18/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article gives an overview of bi-directional total immersion printing, now accepted as the normal method of producing high-quality answer prints, internegatives, CRIs, television transmission prints, and prints from damaged negatives. It describes a new bi-directional printer introduced by Hollywood Film Co., as well as a new high-speed servo light valve developed for use with the printer.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Harry Teitelbaum, Hollywood Film Co., Vernon, CA 90023.",
        "name": "Harry Teitelbaum"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00121",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Bi-Directional Total Immersion Printing System and High-Speed Light Valve",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00121",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00121",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "655–657",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/19/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new type of control unit for film printing machines has been developed by Rank Film Laboratories. It provides a new approach to the operation of printing machines with greater efficiency for typical printing procedures and a lower incidence of operator error and machine failure. The unit is based on a 16-bit, 64-kbyte microcomputer. It is designed and constructed in logical modules and features extensive self-testing capabilities. This article describes the design, functions, and layout of the printer control unit.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "C. F. Mossman, Rank Film Laboratories, Middlesex, England.",
        "name": "C. F. Mossman"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "C. F. Mossman, Rank Film Laboratories, Middlesex, England.",
        "name": "W. Clark"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "C. F. Mossman, Rank Film Laboratories, Middlesex, England.",
        "name": "V. Dey"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "C. F. Mossman, Rank Film Laboratories, Middlesex, England.",
        "name": "J. Gear"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "C. F. Mossman, Rank Film Laboratories, Middlesex, England.",
        "name": "S. Morrissey"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00122",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Microcomputer Printer Control Unit",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00122",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00122",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "658–661",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/20/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Raymond L. Hallows"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00123",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Advances in Image Pickup and Display, Vol. 4, Ed. by Bernard Kazan",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00123",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00123",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "662–667",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/22/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00124",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Biographical Notes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00124",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00124",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "668–669",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/21/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00125",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "125th Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit October 30-November 4, 1983, Los Angeles",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00125",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00125",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "670–670",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/23/",
    "status": {
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    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00126",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Montreal/Quebec-Ottawa-Rochester-Toronto Mini-Conference, April 22-24, 1983, Rochester",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00126",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00126",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "671–673",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/24/",
    "status": {
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    },
    "volume": "92",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00127",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Section Meetings",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00127",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00127",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "674–677",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/6/",
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    "volume": "92",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "news",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00128",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00128",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "678–680",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/7/",
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    "volume": "92",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "obit",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00129",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Obituaries",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00129",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "680–685",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00130",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "New Products",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00130",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "686–695",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/9/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00131",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Professional Services",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00131",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "696–697",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00132",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "697–697",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "content-announce",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00133",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "American National Standard: Specifications for Camera Run Length of Film in 8-mm Type S Model II Motion-Picture Film Camera Cartridges (15-m [50-ft] Capacity)",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00133",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00133",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "698–703",
    "publicationDate": "1983-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/92/6/25/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00134",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 6, June 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Sustaining Members: Society of Motion-Picture and Television Engineers",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00134",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
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    "abstract": "Continuous efforts to develop the technologies for digital video recording have been made for several years, resulting in a number of experiments and technical papers on this subject presented on various occasions. None of these presentations, however, has given sufficiently clear ideas on the DVTR format likely to be a standard in the future. The authors have long been involved in the development of DVTRs, starting from a 3 fields/sec NTSC composite machine, up to the latest 4:2:2 component ones. With these experiences in mind, it is appropriate to summarize the experimental results obtained so far and to derive ideas for the DVTR format, to stimulate discussion or to form the basis of the ultimate DVTR format.",
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    "abstract": "This article outlines the work of the EBU Working Sub Group G2 in standardizing a digital videotape recorder. It provides their definition of a single digital recording format, explains the processes by which the Group arrived at its conclusions, and lists the basic and optional features the Group feels the future digital videotape recorder should have. An analysis of an entire video recording system is given, with an illustration. The standards, when completed and agreed upon, will provide full compatibility among recordings made on machines of different manufacturers and a large commonality between 625 and 525 machines.",
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    "abstract": "Theatre design for both IMAX® and OMNIMAX® presentations opens up a variety of new. possibilities and presents a host of problems, some old, and many new. Many traditional concepts of theatre design, such as clear sight-lines to the bottom of the screen, are no longer justified, or even desirable. Conversely, because of the large included angles in the projection beam, projector light-ray clearances become critical at many points in the auditorium. Audience movement and safety are important factors, and several unusual concepts are discussed. Since most IMAX® and OMNIMAX® theatres are in new construction, there are unique opportunities to optimize the audience environment, including picture, sound, and acoustics. Existing IMAX® theatres range in size from 120 to 980 seats, with 1400 seats projected. OMNIMAX® theatres range from 94 to 380, with larger theatres in the planning stage.",
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    "abstract": "Over the past five years, sealed lead-acid battery systems have gained wide acceptance for use in broadcast and industrial/documentary applications as power supplies for video cameras and recorders, motion-picture cameras, and portable lights. Outstanding features include no “memory” development, worry-free charging, and excellent cold weather operation, as well as seal designed to prevent leakage of fluid if punctured, and a self-resealing safety valve. These systems also have the advantage of long life and low cost.",
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    "abstract": "In the absence of conventional supplies, the problems of finding alternate electric power for location shooting are explored, together with the advantages and limitations of the various options available. Topics discussed include mobile electric power supplies, the different types of storage batteries and their characteristics, devices to convert ac to dc, and problems relating to the particular systems used. The article gives a basic description of the power sources needed to operate any style of lighting syste, the kW capacity required, and the technical parameters needed to deliver power equal to that of commercial utility-company sources.",
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    "docTitle": "Mobile Electric Power Sources for Location Lighting",
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    "abstract": "This article discusses the interface between color negative film and telecine systems, reviewing basic facts about the negative-positive process, and the spectral responses of telecines and color print film. Figures and equations are provided in a discussion of appropriate interface corrections in color reproduction using different films with different telecines. The article gives details of a telecine alignment that provides a reproducible, easy-handling method yielding excellent color reproduction quality.",
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    "docTitle": "American National Standard: Specifications and Conditioning of Raw Tape Stock Used to Record Reference Tapes for 1-in Helical-Scan Video Tape Recorders",
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    "abstract": "Today's state-of-the-art criteria for motion-picture sound reproduction may fall far short of meeting the demands of motion-picture audiences in five to ten years. Present-day A-chain capabilities far exceed the capabilities of motion-picture theater playback equipment, and the gap widens at an ever-increasing rate. The authors propose a quantum improvement in film-sound playback systems as a necessary means to gain significant improvements in sound quality in the motion-picture theater.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes the use of a sodium persulfate bleach in Process ECN-2. This bleaching system provides an alternative for those motion-picture laboratories seeking means to assure compliance with local sewer codes governing the amount of ferricyanide in their effluent. A review of the persulfate bleaching mechanism, a discussion of the advantages of persulfate bleach, and a detailed explanation of changes in process specifications are included.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper details the design philosophy and some of the systems used in the B3410 line array telecine. It lists the design aims, and gives details on the picture-sensing system, the film-transport system, the optical system, the video systems, and the servo systems. The servo systems include a capstan servo, spooling servos, and a light control servo. The paper also describes the combination of charge-coupled devices (line-arrays) with microprocessor-controlled digital signal processing.",
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    "abstract": "The VHD (Video High Density) system plays a 10.2-in. grooveless conductive plastic disc. Each disc contains one hour per side of high quality, color video programming with stereo sound. The VHD system will also play a digitally recorded, ultra high-fidelity pulse-coded modulated Audio High-Density Disc (AHD). The AHD disc will be available approximately one year after the introduction of the VHD Videodisc system.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article discusses absolute standards of performance as a means of characterizing television systems. Absolute standards are based on the best theoretically obtainable performance as defined by DP and DG limits. Until now, however, there has been no published means of the best way to arrive at these limits. This article provides a set of equations used to provide theoretically obtainable DP and DG limits for use in the evaluation and diagnosis of television equipment.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Part I of this paper appeared in the October 1982 Journal and covered the basic history of the Bell & Howell Co. and its contributions to the design and manufacture of the professional 35-mm motion picture camera and other equipment. While the first section concentrated mainly on the Standard Cinematograph Camera Design 2709, this second part will focus on the Eyemo Design 71 Standard Automatic Portable Camera.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper presents subjective test results of a new high-efficiency coding method to the NTSC color TV signal, i.e., an interfield-intrafield adaptive prediction coding. In order to examine the performance of this adaptive prediction coding, subjective tests have been performed for the pictures obtained at transmission rates of from 15 Mbit/s to 32 Mbit/s, for comparison of picture quality with that of an intrafield prediction coding and with the pictures by cascaded coding of the adaptive prediction coding. From the results, it is clear that a picture quality at 30 Mbit/s including the sound program (0.3 Mbit/s) and error-correcting-codes (2.0 Mbit/s), which can transmit two broadcasting TV programs simultaneously via INTELSAT IV satellite, is satisfactory for almost all the pictures. The adaptive application of the interfield prediction makes it possible to reduce the transmission rate of about 10 Mbit/s to obtain the satisfactory picture quality in comparison with the intrafield prediction solely. The picture quality obtained by two-times coding of the adaptive prediction in cascade may still be acceptable for commercial use.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153 Japan",
        "name": "Hitomi Murakami"
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        "affiliation": "Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153 Japan",
        "name": "Yoshinori Hatori"
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        "affiliation": "Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153 Japan",
        "name": "Hideo Yamamoto"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new high-speed, color reversal, 16-mm camera film, compatible with either Process VNF-1 or Process RVNP, is now available. The film, Eastman Ektachrome* High Speed Daylight Film 7251, has been developed to help further satisfy the need of cinematographers working in disciplines such as sports and motion analysis for more photographic speed. It is designed for daylight exposure and will produce acceptable results under a variety of metal halide and xenon arc discharge lamps without filtration.",
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "B. O. Black"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "W. G. Doody"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "R. J. Guerin"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "H. R. McNair"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Eastman color high-speed negative film 5293/7293 has an exposure index of 250 and wide exposure latitude. This new film is designed to complement Eastman color negative film 5247, thus extending the creative freedom of the cinematographer in special applications where additional lighting is difficult, uneconomical, or undesirable. The sensitometric characteristics, image structure, color rendition, and performance of the new film are discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14650",
        "name": "Glenn L. Kennel"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14650",
        "name": "Richard C. Sehlin"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14650",
        "name": "F. R. Reinking"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14650",
        "name": "S. W. Spakowsky"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 14650",
        "name": "G. L. Whittier"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docTitle": "Eastman Color High-Speed Negative Film 5293",
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    "publicationDate": "1982-10-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Necam system provides a powerful tool in the dubbing theater for the rapid artistic building of film and video soundtracks. Attention to human engineering has resulted in the creation of a control system of great flexibility. The sound engineer can choose as little or as much computer assistance as he needs at any time, thus maximizing versatility in dubbing. With all its capabilities, this system enables the sound engineer to concentrate on the most critical creative aspects of his task, whether he is laying down effects, optimizing a critical dialogue balance, or creating the final music/dialogue/effects mix.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Neve Electronics International Limited.",
        "name": "M. H. Jones"
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        "name": "D. A. Tilsley"
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    "abstract": "A historical and technological paper covering mainly the professional 35-mm gauge motion picture cameras designed and manufactured by the Bell & Howell Company of Chicago, III. Their importance to the standardization of the 35-mm film gauge, as well as their part in the Bell & Howell Standard 35-mm System, is also covered. Other major pieces of Bell & Howell 35-mm equipment are also mentioned as historical references, especially those that comprised the original Bell & Howell “System” of the early 1900's.",
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        "affiliation": "camera historian, technical writer, independent cinematographer, and cinetechnician.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Digital composite signals for NTSC and PAL and a single digital component signal are described. User data rates and channel coded rates for a digital videotape recorder are developed for the three types of signals. Methods of error correction for the types of signals are shown and performance results are compared. Continuous standard signals for stop-motion and slow-motion operation of the tape transport are derived and the anticipated performance results are compared.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Ampex Corp., Redwood City, Calif.",
        "name": "E. Fraser Morrison"
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    "docTitle": "Videotape Recording: Digital Component versus Digital Composite Recording",
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    "number": "9",
    "pages": "789–796",
    "publicationDate": "1982-09-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The raster format appears as the preferred method of cathode ray tube display. However, confusion abounds in scanning rates and pulse parameters, especially in computer applications, leading to inefficient and costly designs as well as equipment which is not interchangeable. While certain EIA Standards have been developed, they have not been adhered to in the design of much present-day equipment. This paper examines the applicability of existing standards to modern circumstances and proposes a further standardization of horizontal pulse proportion than that now described.",
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        "affiliation": "President, Visual Information Institute, Inc., P.O. Box 33, Xenia, Ohio 45385.",
        "name": "John H. Harshbarger"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "After discussion of the demand for a lightweight zoom lens for color television, the design and mode of operation of an optical system with variable focal length incorporating three integrated zoom ranges is described and solutions to the optical problems for cameras using microprocessors with automatic adjustment of contrast, geometry, linearity, and color registration are shown.",
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        "affiliation": "Jos. Schneider Optische Werke. Bad Kreuznach, Fed. Republic of Germany.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The author describes the MB 51 magnetic film transport system and its development. The unique feature of this new unit-generation is the development of a microprocessor-controlled capstan drive which does not need any of the mechanical filter systems previously in use. Because the system contains no flywheels, its acceleration and braking characteristics are extremely good. A direct synchronization with telecines or video recording machines is possible at speeds of 0 to 750 frames/sec (16mm) or 300 frames/sec (17.5 and 35mm), both backwards and forwards.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Wilhelm Albrecht GmbH, Maybachufer 48–51, D1000, Berlin 44, Germany.",
        "name": "Gunter Kiess"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00251",
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    "docTitle": "A New Design in Magnetic (Sound) Film Transport",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new film laboratory began operating in 1979 in YLE's (Finnish Broadcasting Co.) Helsinki Radio and Television Center. Because of the stringent labor protection legislation in Finland, special care was taken to ensure good working conditions. Daylight has, if possible, been provided for all working rooms, noise levels of the working areas have been kept as low as possible, and hazards caused by toxic chemicals have been minimized. In over two years of daily operation the laboratory proved to satisfy the requirements placed upon it in the planning phase. The workers, labor unions, and occupational safety authorities have been satisfied with its safety precautions.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Finnish Broadcasting Company, Production Engineering, Radio and Television Center, SF-00240 Helsinki 24, Finland.",
        "name": "Otto E. Mikkelä"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Finnish Broadcasting Company, Production Engineering, Radio and Television Center, SF-00240 Helsinki 24, Finland.",
        "name": "Stig-Göran Bergholm"
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    "docTitle": "Main Design Aspects of YLE's (Finnish Broadcasting Co.) New Film Laboratory in Helsinki",
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    "number": "9",
    "pages": "821–828",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Julian D. Hopkinson, a native of England, attended Birmingham College of Technology, graduating in 1945 with a diploma in Metallurgical Chemistry. After graduation he joined the Royal Air Force, where he was a Flight Engineer, serving mainly in Palestine and the Eastern Mediterranean countries. Much of his unit's work consisted of aerial reconnaissance photography. From a very early age Hopkinson was interested in photography, even though during the war “photographic materials were terribly hard to get and a roll of film was a precious commodity.”",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Julian D. Hopkinson"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00253",
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    "docTitle": "Biographical Sketch",
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    "pages": "829–829",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00254",
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    "docTitle": "Section Meetings",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00255",
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    "docTitle": "124th SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit November 7-12, 1982, New York Hilton Hotel, New York City",
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        "affiliation": "Manager of Engineering Services, SMPTE",
        "name": "Alex E. Alden"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00256",
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    "docTitle": "International Standardization: West Berlin (May 17–24, 1982)",
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    "number": "9",
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        "name": "Robert Lund"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00257",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Committee on Video Recording and Reproduction Technology: Working Group on Editing Procedures",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Ken P. Davies"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00258",
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    "docTitle": "Working Group on Digital Video Standards: The Current Position on the Studio Digital Video Interface",
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    "docTitle": "Advantages of SMPTE Membership Outweigh Proposed Increase in Dues",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A series of test targets has been prepared and evaluated to demonstrate a simple technique for assessment of luminance reproduction of films by television. The film image was prepared from matte white, gray, and black targets of known reflectances on three different backgrounds. Measurement of the resulting television monitor luminances (or alternatively, measurement of screen luminances by optical projection of the film) yields overall transfer characteristics for low-, medium-, and high-key scenes. This paper does not attempt to answer the question of how the display should compare with the original scene luminances, but provides a photometrically valid procedure for exploring luminance reproduction of optical projection or television.",
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    "abstract": "On the other hand, the present developing processes are performed under high temperatures and high speeds, and the processing capacities of present printers and developing equipment have greatly increased. To cope with these new types of processing equipment, the acceleration of the quality control process has become necessary. The Yokohama Cinema Laboratories built a computer-controlled system for the daily density measurements and chartings of the large number of control strips to speed up the quality control process and, at the same time, to decrease the work load. At the same time, it applied the system to a wide range of quality control items.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohoma Cinema Laboratories, Inc., 22 Kuritaya, Kanagagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Toshio Ishiguro"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohoma Cinema Laboratories, Inc., 22 Kuritaya, Kanagagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Susumu Naito"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohoma Cinema Laboratories, Inc., 22 Kuritaya, Kanagagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Kazutake Matsuo"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohoma Cinema Laboratories, Inc., 22 Kuritaya, Kanagagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Shuichi Saeki"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00270",
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    "docTitle": "Quality Control of Processing and Printing Using a Low-Cost Computer",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "700–704",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Recent development in minicomputers has brought computer assistance within the reach of smaller laboratories. To benefit, a laboratory's operations must be organized in a systematic manner. At Colorfilm, a TRS-80 minicomputer interfaced with a Brumicro densitometer is used to derive results from sensitometric data. The computed parameters are of greater value than fully drawn curves. Print quality control is maintained using the laboratory's own “chinagirl.” A computer-aided data system is proposed for this area.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Colorfilm Pty. Ltd., 35 Missenden Rd., Camperdown, N.S.W. 2050.",
        "name": "Dominic Case"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Colorfilm Pty. Ltd., 35 Missenden Rd., Camperdown, N.S.W. 2050.",
        "name": "Tom Nurse"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00271",
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    "docTitle": "Quality Control in an Australian Laboratory: Some Steps towards a Computer-Aided Sensitometric Control System",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The BCC-20 Digicam System, a portable self-contained camera, designed to meet studio performance specifications, employs a microprocessor in the camera head to control the Spatial Error Corrector memories. The system is complemented by the addition of the Automatic Set-up Unit. This unit allows one to fully and automatically set up eight cameras. The registration accuracy is guaranteed by converting the video signal of the camera into a digital data stream and utilizing digital signal processing techniques. This approach makes the level measurements required for shading correction and video alignment a simple task, and reduces the need for periodical calibration adjustments. Long-term stability is provided through a built-in test pattern generator that serves as reference for any absolute time or level measurement.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Ampex Corp., 10435 N. Tantau Ave., Cupertino, Calif. Mr. Griesshaber is Staff Engineer, AVSD-Camera Products, at the same address.",
        "name": "Heinz Griesshaber"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00272",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Automatic Set-up System for the BCC-20 Using Digital Video Techniques",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00272",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00272",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "709–716",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In a continuing study of predictive coding of composite NTSC television signals sampled at four times color subcarrier frequency (14.3 MHz), we describe results of subsampling and interpolation. Our ultimate goal is to demonstrate a coding system for a transmission rate of 45 M/bits/sec with full broadcast quality. Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) with Variable Word-Length Coding is used to reduce the bit rate for the channel. But this requires a buffer to smooth the data output. Buffer overflow is prevented by quantizer selection and by subsampling. We report on 4:3 and 2:1 subsampling ratios. We present a list of general considerations for the design of subsampling patterns and interpolation filters. Various subsampling patterns and corresponding interpolation algorithms and their effects on the quality of the coded picture are evaluated. Adaptive interpolation using samples from the present and the previous field is considered. Simple motion indication circuits for interpolation mode selection are described. A particular interpolation filter using chrominance information from the previous field is effective without resorting to adaptive interpolation. Picture quality judgements are based on observations of specially-selected worst-case conditions using real time processing on a mixed hardware/software experimental facility.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ.",
        "name": "R. C. Brainard"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ.",
        "name": "A. N. Netravali"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "University of Essex, Great Britain.",
        "name": "D. E. Pearson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00273",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Composite Television Coding: Subsampling and Interpolation",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00273",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00273",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "717–724",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Computer graphics have been used since 1974 at Independent Television News (ITN). ITN provides national and international news for the commercial channel of British television. In 1980 a new graphics generator, VT80, developed and built by ITN, was introduced. It is now used regularly in daily bulletins and special programs covering major events such as elections. The device produces high-quality graphics virtually indistinguishable from those produced in conventional ways, and incorporates a number of unique features which make its programming flexible and easy. The paper describes these principle features and gives examples of VT80's use.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Independent Television News, ITN House, 48 Wells Street, London W1, England.",
        "name": "Chris Long"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00274",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Computer Graphics at Independent Television News",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00274",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "725–729",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    },
    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper discusses recent developments in rigging equipment for lighting in TV studios. The need for such development is examined and early systems are described to show their relationship to modern equipment and its origins. A comparison is made between single point telescopic systems and barrel hoists. Finally, a description of the design and function is given of the latest grid, telescope, and barrel hoist.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Tele-Stage Associates Ltd., Western Way, Bury St. Edmunds, England.",
        "name": "Steve Futers"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00275",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Recent Developments in Studio Lighting Suspension Systems",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00275",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00275",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "730–732",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/8/15/",
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    },
    "volume": "91",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Pacific Theatres, Los Angeles, California.",
        "name": "Jack S. Beiser"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Birch, Carroll & Coyle Limited, Brisbane, Australia.",
        "name": "Herbert Paull"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00276",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Drive-In Theater Screen Luminance",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00276",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00276",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "733–733",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/8/17/",
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    },
    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00277",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Chicago Section Holds Seventh Annual All-Day Meeting-May 8, 1982",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00277",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00277",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "734–735",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00278",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "1981 Financial Reports: Treasurer's Report - January 1 - December 31, 1981",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00278",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00278",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "736–737",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Howard T. La Zare"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00279",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Biographical Sketch: SMPTE Vice-President for Motion Picture Affairs 1982–83",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00279",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
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    "number": "8",
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    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "future-events",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00280",
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    "docTitle": "124th SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit November 7-12, 1982, New York Hilton Hotel, New York City",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00280",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00280",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "740–740",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/8/20/",
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    },
    "volume": "91",
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      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00281",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 8, August 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Sections Officers and Managers as of July 1, 1982",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00281",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "742–742",
    "publicationDate": "1982-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "contentType": "meeting-report",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00282",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "746–751",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00283",
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    "docTitle": "News: Lynette Robinson Named SMPTE Executive Secretary",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "752–753",
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00284",
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    "docTitle": "New Products and Developments",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "754–762",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00285",
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    "docTitle": "Approved American National Standards",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00285",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "765–767",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00286",
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    "docTitle": "Proposed SMPTE Recommended Practices",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00286",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "pages": "768–770",
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    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "future-events",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "year": "1982"
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    "number": "7",
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    "contentType": "toc",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "pages": "621–621",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A consensus has now been reached on coding standards for digital video recording. The paper qualitatively analyzes various options and trade-offs relating to the choice of a format in digital high-density magnetic recording. These include: factors affecting tape consumption, relations among the factors that place constraints on the tape format, and the formats that are possible. Also discussed is the azimuth recording method. It is pointed out that substantial improvements are still being made in the evolving analog VTRs, so that much care should be given to the choice of the practical format for digital VTRs.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Research and Development Division and the Video Projects Office at the Communication Products Group at Sony Corp.",
        "name": "Hirofumi Yoshida"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Video Projects Office, Communication Products Group, Sony Corp., Atsugi Plant, 1-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi-shi 243 Japan.",
        "name": "Takeo Eguchi"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00289",
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    "docTitle": "Considerations in the Choice of a Digital VTR Format",
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    "number": "7",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "There are four different color fields in an NTSC color signal, which are exactly defined by EIA RS170A. This paper argues that field identification derived from a comparison of horizontal sync, vertical sync, and subcarrier will always have an ambiguity of field identification. It further argues that if the video signal had an independent identification of color field, the system subcarrier phase could then be adjusted correctly in relation to horizontal sync at every source. An appropriate independent field identification flag would also provide the means to measure accurately the sync to subcarrier phase relationship using only a standard waveform monitor. Broadcast manufacturers of videotape equipment and digital equipment presently claim color-field recognition based on measurement of SCH (the sync to subcarrier relationship). It is suggested that an independent identification of the proper color field, irrespective of SCH, is the ultimate solution to the problem.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "NBC, Technical Development, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10020.",
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    "docTitle": "NTSC Color-Field Identification",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "627–633",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The first triax camera (the PC-100) was introduced to the broadcast industry in 1969. It was designed to solve a number of problems associated with conventional multicore cable cameras. A second-generation triax camera, the LDK-5, was introduced in 1975. It offered additional capabilities and was selected by ABC for three mobile units. A narrow-bandwidth digital control channel is used for microwave applications. The microwave configuration was ruled out, however, for the 1980 Winter Olympics, and a triax repeater was designed and used for this location. The compact, lightweight EFP LDK-14 camera was designed for easy conversion to triax. A major design consideration for a triax system is the choice of whether to transmit encoded video or RGB video from the camera head to the camera control unit (CCU). Although the majority of triax cameras are presently used for field applications, changes in camera design now offer the prospect of cost-effective triax studio cameras.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Central Dynamics Corp., 900 Corporate Drive, Mahwah, NJ 07430.",
        "name": "Alan J. Keil"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00291",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 7, July 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Triax Cameras: A Decade of Experience",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00291",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "634–637",
    "publicationDate": "1982-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/7/12/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The perception of timbre evoked by sound reproduction in a room has been studied in a series of listening tests. The results indicate that equal timbre of sound reproduction in two different rooms can be obtained if the two systems produce equal steady-state 1/3-octave spectra at the entrance of the listener's ear canal. The often-encountered high-frequency roll-off seen on frequency-response curves of loudspeaker-room systems originates from diffraction phenomena at the head and external ear. The diffraction is described by the amplitude characteristics of the head and external ear. Finally, a subjective frequency-domain description is demonstrated which makes possible a graphical display of the subjectively-perceived frequency response of a loudspeaker-room system.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Engineering Academy of Denmark, Department of Electronics, Building 451, DK 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.",
        "name": "Henrik Staffeldt"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Danish Filminstitute, St. Søndervoldstraede, DK-1419, Copenhagen, Lyngby, Denmark.",
        "name": "Erik Rasmussen"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00292",
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    "docTitle": "The Subjectively-Perceived Frequency Response in Small and Medium-Sized Rooms",
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    "number": "7",
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    "publicationDate": "1982-07-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Frame-to-frame image registration errors in a 16-mm cine camera can be measured directly by the moiré fringes formed by a double exposure of a Fresnel zone pattern target. A simple instrument incorporating a target and lens that attaches directly to the camera under test was designed and built. If the Fresnel zone pattern images are displaced with respect to one another, linear image registration errors are converted into angular motion of the fringes; it then becomes possible to separately analyze in-track and cross-track errors. The necessary displacement between exposures is provided by the rotation of an off-center target. The test film can be projected with a conventional projector and an estimate of the registration errors obtained, or the film can be analyzed with a low-power microscope or single-frame analytical projector. It will be most suitable for testing cameras in research, manufacturing, and repair.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology.",
        "bio": "Wu Ji-Zong, Richard N. Norman and John F. Carson. Wu Ji-Zong is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Precision Instruments Engineering Department at Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. The present work was done while he was a Visiting Scholar with the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623.",
        "name": "Wu Ji-Zong"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology.",
        "bio": "Wu Ji-Zong, Richard N. Norman and John F. Carson. Wu Ji-Zong is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Precision Instruments Engineering Department at Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. The present work was done while he was a Visiting Scholar with the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623.",
        "name": "Richard N. Norman"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology.",
        "bio": "Wu Ji-Zong, Richard N. Norman and John F. Carson. Wu Ji-Zong is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Precision Instruments Engineering Department at Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. The present work was done while he was a Visiting Scholar with the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623.",
        "name": "John F. Carson"
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    "docTitle": "A Simple Instrument for Measuring Image Steadiness in 16-mm Motion-Picture Cameras",
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    "pages": "644–647",
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    "abstract": "The television camera was and still remains one of NASA's scientific tools for the exploration of outer space. Unmanned probes have penetrated space to examine the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. As components of their scientific packages, the Ranger, Surveyor, Mariner, Mars Orbiter, and Voyager probes incorporated television subsystems with slow-scan vidicons as their imaging sensors to photograph these bodies. This paper examines the use of slow-scan vidicons and their television cameras on NASA's unmanned space probes in the exploration of our solar system.",
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    "abstract": "The past few years have seen enormous progress in videotape editing. Computerized editing systems largely have eliminated the manual tasks and have made frame-accurate edits fast and easy. Film editing, on the other hand, has continued to be a manual process, involving a great deal of physical handling of the medium. There are substantial benefits to the producers of motion pictures if they take advantage of electronic editing techniques. Essentially, this means that while the original production medium and the final product are film, the editing medium itself should be videotape. Such a technique reduces the cutting and splicing of film that is necessary, limiting these operations to the final conforming assembly.",
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    "abstract": "Recent developments in single-ended discharge lamps have resulted in designs which exhibit improved stability and color uniformity, thus matching the convenience of tungsten halogen lamps. With rising energy costs, the film and television industry has shown an increased interest in the use of such metal-halide lamps because of their high luminous efficacy and resulting lower running costs than tungsten lighting. However, one of the major factors limiting the widespread usage of discharge lamps is the capital expenditure to cover the need for ancillary gear and custom-designed luminaires. To minimize these costs there has been a growing interest in converting existing studio halogen luminaires so that they can house these single-ended discharge lamps. A critical assessment is made of the possibilities and limitations of such conversions for lamps with ratings from 200 W to 2 1/2 kW.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00312",
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    "authors": [
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Participates in NAB Convention",
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    "docTitle": "Cinematography — Monophonic 35 mm Negative Photographic Sound Record on 35 mm Motion-Picture Film — Position and Maximum Width Dimensions",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This year marks the 25th anniversary of Canada's association with the SMPTE. I have been privileged to be a part of an association that has nurtured the very best in scientific technology and mutual cooperation between two countries … the United States and Canada. Those members of the SMPTE who are citizens of North America, with; I similar history and culture, have used the technology of the two countries for the mutual benefit of two allied disciplines - motion pictures and television.",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "Charles E. Anderson"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00341",
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    "docTitle": "Introduction: A Look at Canada",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In 1916 a group of engineers and technicians formally incorporated the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, and soon afterwards Canadians began their association with the society. This paper describes the growth of the society, the creation of the Canadian section in 1957, and the contributions made by Canadian members — as well as their unique problems.",
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        "bio": "Author: Gerald Graham was Director of Planning and Research for the National Film Board of Canada until his retirement in 1979. He is now active as a consultant in the Ontario, Canada area. Among his many elected SMPTE. offices, Mr. Graham is a former Editorial Vice-President and a Governor for the Canadian Region. He is the recipient of the John Grierson International Gold Medal Award for 1976.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00342",
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    "docTitle": "Point of View: A Retrospective Look at Canadian Participation in the SMPTE",
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    "number": "4",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper addresses the concerns of Canada's private television broadcasters. The rapid advance of communication technology brings challenges to the survival of conventional “free” broadcasting in this country that has more options in television viewing than any other nation. It discusses the need for appropriate legislation, innovative policies, and effective regulation.",
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        "affiliation": "Murray H. Chercover is President and Managing Director of CTV Television Network, Ltd., Toronto.",
        "name": "Murray H. Chercover"
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    "docTitle": "Future Tense — A Perspective on Canadian Broadcasting",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "338–340",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Since 1955, when the National Film Board first moved from Ottawa to Montreal, more than 50 percent of the original equipment in the Technical Branch is still in operation. From the beginning, it has been the practice to continually modify equipment in an attempt to meet each change in the state of the art of motion picture production. Unfortunately, sufficient capital funds were never available during any one fiscal year to replace expensive items such as processing machines, audio mixing consoles, and animation stands. Now, twenty-five years later, the technical operations of the National Film Board of Canada are being rebuilt with special funds and renewed enthusiasm.",
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        "affiliation": "Technical and Production Services",
        "name": "Marcel Carrière"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Chief of Operations, Technical and Production Services, of the National Film Board of Canada.",
        "name": "Leonard A. Green"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docTitle": "The Aims and Objectives of the Technical and Production Services Branch of the National Film Board of Canada",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper was part of a submission to the Canadian Cultural Policy Review Committee by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in March, 1981. It stresses the importance of culture to Canada's national survival and that a broadcasting system is the principal instrument of any national cultural life. The paper discusses the policies and programs the CBC feels must be established if the culture of the Canadian peoples is to survive and flourish and if Canadian society is to continue to evolve.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "President of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
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    "number": "4",
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    "abstract": "The author discusses the present state of the French film in Canada and its relationship to the National Film Board. Because of Québec's French-speaking population, the film in Canada is a unique experience in the cultural and linguistic sense. Despite the many difficulties surrounding the French film in Canada, the dilemma of the filmmaking industry in Québec deserves special attention.",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "Gilles Péloquin"
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      {
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00346",
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    "docTitle": "A Historical Perspective of Québec's Cinema",
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    "abstract": "This is a brief history of the development and growth of videotape in Canada. The story begins a brief twenty years ago, when live TV production meant a nightmare of things that could - and did - go wrong. The paper describes the arrival of electronic editing, color, and the nonbroadcast use of videotape, and it concludes with a prophesy of things to come.",
    "authors": [
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        "bio": "Author: Jerry Zaludck started as a videotape technician at Meridian Film, which later became VTR Productions, Ltd., in June, 1959, and rose to president in 1970 — a position he currently holds. He is manager of the Toronto Section of SMPTE.",
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    "docTitle": "Videotape—Past, Present, and Future",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "356–360",
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    "abstract": "A test film was required by which the true performance of a telecine chain could be judged. All important aspects of telecine performance must be evaluated accurately and quickly, preferably in under three minutes. This paper describes such a film, the philosophy underlying its design, and the parameters tested by the film. The content and duration of each test section is listed in the appendix, along with operators' instructions including the expected monitor, waveform, and vectorscope outputs.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Vice President, Research and Development, D and S Corley Ltd, Ontario, Canada.",
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    "docTitle": "A New 16-mm Test Film for the Evaluation of Telecine Performance",
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    "number": "4",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Film review rooms were developed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation for the simulation of television viewing conditions, providing a “tool” for critically maintaining the audio and photographic image quality of film program materials that provide the English and French networks with as much as 50% of their on-air program schedule, and 80% or more during prime time peak periods. Recently, audio monitoring practices have also been developed. For these, particular attention has been paid to the design philosophy of the film review room in specifying audio monitoring equipment and the acoustic environment of the review room. Experience gained from the design of other high-quality radio and television monitoring areas was relied upon in the development of these practices.",
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        "affiliation": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Engineering Headquarters, Operations Development Department, Montreal, P.Q., Canada.",
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        "name": "Michael Gourgon"
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    "abstract": "The sampling of NTSC color signals is studied with the aid of the three-dimensional spectrum. The effect of various spatio-temporal sampling patterns on the spectrum is derived and some experimental measurements are given. A number of sampling structures which allow a 2fsc horizontal sampling rate are identified, and possible reconstruction filters are described.",
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    "abstract": "When the NFB was founded in 1939, it acquired space in the old Motion Picture Bureau premises at John Street in Ottawa. Since it came complete with a film storage space, the NFB automatically became the warehouse for all Government-produced film. After a while the few vaults in this space were overflowing and a new vault building was subsequently constructed in an area outside the approaches to Rockliffe Airport. Into this vault building went copious quantities of nitrate film including NFB printing materials as well as the military holdings and some German film from UFA. These latter acquisitions were unidentified but some did come with camera reports.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "As computer technology finds more applications within the television industry, it will be important for engineers and technicians working with digital equipment to have a working understanding of the nature of computer software. This paper will explore that area with special attention paid to computer graphics in television. Specific consideration will be given to both software technology and various management and marketing considerations.",
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        "affiliation": "Computer graphics firm based in Santa Monica, Calif.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This is an insider's history of the development and growth of television in the United Kingdom. The story begins back in the 1930's, with John Logie Baird's early mechanical scanning system for broadcast, and moves through the war years, the development of Independent Television, and into the present state of British broadcasting. Included in this discussion, along with the historical highlights of the development of British television broadcasting, is an analysis of the forces at work in shaping the BBC and ITV systems, and what has brought them to the crossroads they have reached today.",
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    "abstract": "If motion picture film were perforated to ideal dimensions with no tolerance, and film equipment could position and reposition film without variability, the concept of cancellation of film dimensional variables would be academic. Neither of these conditions existed in the early history of motion picture technology, nor do they exist today. Early motion picture films had significant dimensional variability, and the concepts of cancellation of these variables were well understood although relatively undocumented. Shifts to narrower-gauge formats mandated cancellation concepts, and through their use satisfactory steadiness was and is achieved with super 8 and 16-mm films. Improvements in film structure and perforating quality allowed some departures from fundamental rules, but recent advances in printing technology to solve quality problems and improve productivity challenge the fundamental concepts of image positioning. The potential expanded use of commercial “blow ups” of 16-mm originals for entertainment programming again mandates a thorough understanding of basic image positioning and repositioning concepts. This paper reviews the fundamentals of film perforating and image positioning, and the demands that film dimensional characteristics place on motion picture hardware. In so doing, the objective is to stress the fundamental characteristics of cancellation and how they apply to modern image-capturing, printing, and presentation technology, especially stressing the need for the fundamental concepts to be applied to 16-mm special effects and blow-ups.",
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    "docTitle": "Challenges to the Concept of Cancellation",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper is intended for the video broadcast engineering audience. It begins with a brief description of computer graphics as presently used in the television industry. This is followed by a description of some relevant display technologies. Subsequent discussion describes various techniques for image representation and generation. The respective terminology, advantages, and disadvantages of the various technologies are considered. Particular emphasis is accorded to frame store systems. Concluding remarks discuss future trends in video image generation.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Edward H. Reichard, Vice-President, Technical Planning, Consolidated Film Industries, Hollywood, is a Life Fellow of the SMPTE. He is serving as SMPTE Sections Vice-President.",
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    "docTitle": "Highlights of the 123rd Conference and Equipment Exhibit",
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    "docTitle": "16th Annual SMPTE Television Conference February 5–6, 1982 Opryland Hotel, Nashville, Tennessee",
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    "abstract": "Digital video and digital audio are headline topics in nearly all Journals serving the broadcasting industry. It is also true that virtually every standardizing group in the world has one or more committees assigned to consider specifications for digital video and audio systems. In spite of this, both manufacturers and broadcasters are quick to admit that the course of progress toward digital studio systems is far from being clearly charted. This paper provides an overview of the advances in technology that are urging designers of broadcast equipment toward digital systems. It also defines the general problems that face both the equipment design engineer and the broadcast user in considering the future of digital video and digital audio systems in the studio environment.",
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    "abstract": "This paper is a summary of key items which were contained in a prospectus for an electronic cinematography (EC) camera, written by CBS, to provide guidance for interested camera manufacturers. The intention of the prospectus is to highlight areas for consideration in the design of a TV camera optimized for single camera cinematography, rather than to provide specific circuitry details.",
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    "abstract": "The development of a new series of test objects for precise alignment and evaluation of telecine colorimetry required that a critical examination of film, telecine, and kinescope characteristics be made. An ideal telecine model was developed and utilized in both the design of the test objects and the evaluation of the color errors which would result from the use of nonstandard phosphors in the television system. Color differences were calculated for three phosphor sets (two modern and NTSC). The results demonstrate that the differences between the modern phosphor sets in common use will not cause significant color errors, whereas the differences between modern and NTSC phosphors are such that serious color errors will result when pictures generated for NTSC phosphors are displayed on modern phosphor kinescopes.",
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    "abstract": "As lighting applications grow more rigorous, new demands are being placed on lighting equipment and new challenges are facing manufacturers. This paper is an examination of the design considerations used by one manufacturer to modify the HMI luminaire, thus making it more efficient, simpler to operate, and easier to maintain in the field.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Cinema Products Corp., Los Angeles, Calif.",
        "name": "Edwin S. Clare"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "The Great American Market, Woodland Hills, Calif.",
        "name": "Joseph N. Tawil"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00395",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 11, November 1981)",
    "docTitle": "An Innovative Approach to HMI Luminaire Design",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00395",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00395",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "1072–1074",
    "publicationDate": "1981-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00408",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 11, November 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Classified",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00408",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "1132–1132",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "content-announce",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00409",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 11, November 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Standards and Recommended Practices",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00409",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "1133–1133",
    "publicationDate": "1981-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/11/24/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "90",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article is the first in a series of editorials in which the SMPTE invites an authority to comment on the relationship of the SMPTE to the business, scientific and socio-economic communities. In this article, the author offers his Point of View on the effect of American and international standardization on the marketplace as well as the international business community at large. In short, he addresses the question, “What is the value of standardization?”",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Manager, Engineering Services, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc., Scarsdale, NY.",
        "name": "Alex E. Alden"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00410",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Why Participate in International Standards",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00410",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "250–252",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00410iiA",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Table of Contents",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/4/2/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Editorial Board",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Motion picture presentation is the least known endeavor for the cinema professional. A dramatic decrease in spectator attendance of the French cinemas, some years ago, has mobilized the French cinema industry. In France, today, 4400 cinemas are visited by about 180,000,000 spectators per year. A choice of 300 different films is offered per week. The paper traces a profile of the typical French moviegoer. The location and arrangement of the contemporary new theaters is summarized. A profound change of the presentation means has produced, in a short span of time, a renewal of almost all projection equipment. Simultaneously, standards and specifications have been drawn up by the corresponding authorities for the design of new theaters. The restructuring of the cinema theater in France has increased spectator frequency and multiplied the choice of films available.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Director of the UGC (France); Director General of Union Cinématographque, (Belgium).",
        "name": "René Fauvel"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00411",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "New Concept in Motion Picture Presentation",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00411",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "253–254",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/4/5/",
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    "volume": "90",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Spectator comfort in a cinema is of utmost importance. Visual, auditory, and seating comfort are the design elements one must take into account for the successful construction of a well balanced cinema theater. Parameters are discussed such as: perspective reproduction, image distortion, fine detail rendering, color and contrast reproduction, acoustical auditorium transfer characteristics, background noise, spectators' head clearance, seating area limits, and others. The CSTCF (Commission Supérieure Technique du Cinéma Français) controls the quality of cinema theaters and awards a quality label to those cinemas that comply with the quality conditions specified in the French cinema standard.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Claude Soulé"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00412",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Technical Quality Control of Motion Picture Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00412",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "255–261",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/4/6/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc. (TBS) has developed and put into practical use an automatic transmission system for on-line radio broadcasting of commercials. A massive volume of A/D converted commercials are stored in magnetic disk memory and then picked up and replayed whenever necessary. The system utilizes the high-speed random-access capability of magnetic disks and, therefore, is capable of multiplex processing as well as audio editing. The system can also be applied to other diverse fields of audio filing.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc. (TBS), Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Tsutomu Itoh"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc. (TBS), Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Tomio Ohta"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc. (TBS), Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshizo Sohma"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00413",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Audiofile—A Digital Commercial Store",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00413",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00413",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "262–267",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A system is described for the measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of TV camera tubes at video frequencies 0.5 MHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz. The MTF is found from a slit-shaped object imaged on the pickup tube. An appropriate TV line is selected, sampled, and stored by a transient recorder coupled to a small computer which is used for the calculations. Test measurements on a 1-inch Plumbicon camera tube showed that the system performs in a satisfactory manner.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. Van Tongeren"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00414",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Modulation Transfer Functions of TV Camera Tubes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00414",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00414",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "268–270",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/4/8/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The increasing activity of ENG/EJ microwave systems throughout the television broadcast market brings about a need for reliable system design guidelines. With a better working knowledge of the factors which limit or impair system transmission performance, an engineer, whether director of a broadcaster's plant or a designer in the equipment manufacturing industry, will be able to efficiently develop a modern facility that will be slow to undergo obsolescence caused by time or by invading competitive forces. This paper provides, from practical and theoretical studies, useful guidelines illustrating trade-offs of performance for a variety of site, path, and equipment characteristics. The discussion provides a treatment of the subject of multipath distortion and its effect on both the audio and video channels. The advantages of digitized audio offer an insight as to the developments which we might expect in the 1980s with microwave transmission equipment.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. J. Forbes"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00415",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Advances in ENG/EJ Microwave Systems",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00415",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00415",
    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "271–278",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A super 8 duplicator has been developed as a new approach to making copies of super 8 sound films. The approach is appropriate for in-house, low-volume (1 to 10 copies) production of training or educational films. This continuous, one-to-one, optical duplicator transfers both sound and picture in one operation. A common-shaft sprocket drive synchronously paces the print film with the original film. Two basic optical approaches were examined: use of two matched lenses and an intermediate screen (in a projector-screen-camera arrangement); and use of a single lens with mirrors for direct image transfer. Separate magnetic sound heads contact both the original and the prestriped print film to transfer sound during printing. Overall printing color balance is adjusted by use of subtractive color filters placed in front of the tungsten-halogen light source. A prototype version of this printer has proved its ability to produce quality super 8 sound duplicate prints in a single operation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "Roy B. Ference"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "C. Bradley Hunt"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "H. Robert McNair"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00416",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 4, April 1981)",
    "docTitle": "A Low-Cost Super 8 Duplicator with Simultaneous Magnetic Sound Transfer",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "279–284",
    "publicationDate": "1981-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "Gevacolor negative film Type 682 is a color negative film for 35-mm and 16-mm professional motion picture photography. It is rated 100 ASA when exposed under tungsten Illumination at 3200 K. The film can be processed according to the specifications of the ECN-2 process. A description of the film's internal structure is given with special reference to the advanced emulsion technology used, resulting in a camera material with remarkable photographic characteristics such as superior sharpness and granularity. Due to its intrinsic properties, Gevacolor negative film Type 682 is an interesting and versatile tool for the professional filmmaker. It increases his technical and artistic possibilities.",
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    "abstract": "A number of experimental digital video recorders have been demonstrated over the last few years. As a result, both broadcasters and manufacturers have been stimulated to further explore their potential advantages. Many different experiments have been carried out in recent years at Sony Corp. In particular, in 1979 both an experimental NTSC recorder and two experimental PAL recorders were demonstrated. In this paper, technical details and data are given for the experimental NTSC recorder. Subjects treated included the video signal system, audio signal system, and error measurement. Future developments of digital video recorders are also considered. For this interim stage, the results obtained are very encouraging, with tape consumption being the same as that of the analog one-inch VTR. Some frequently mentioned inherent advantages of a digital video recorder have been confirmed. More work remains to be done, however, before a marketable machine can be designed.",
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        "affiliation": "Video Products Group, Sony Corp., 4-14-1, Asahi-cho, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Masahiko Morizono"
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        "affiliation": "Video Products Group, Sony Corp., 4-14-1, Asahi-cho, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Hirofumi Yoshida"
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        "affiliation": "Video Products Group, Sony Corp., 4-14-1, Asahi-cho, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshitaka Hashimoto"
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    "abstract": "The author proposes a new weighted function of noise power affecting television picture defined in a two-dimensional picture frequency domain, including the vertical frequency domain. This function is of universal use and applicable to television standards with any aspect ratio and differing number of scanning lines. Using the function, desired signal-to-noise ratios for various future television systems can be calculated, and satellite transmission parameters for a new high-definition television system under study at the NHK Laboratories are derived.",
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    "docTitle": "Cinematography — Recording Head Gaps for Two Sound Records on 16 mm Magnetic Film — Positions and Width Dimensions",
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    "abstract": "Seemingly innovative technological advancements are sometimes no more than restructured versions of a basic invention. This is certainly the case in the field of longitudinal videotape recording (LVR). The earliest attempts at videotape recording were of the longitudinal type, and after 80 years of progress in VTR design we are now coming back again to longitudinal videotape recording. The introduction of the highly successful rotary-head video recorder in 1956 slowed the development of the LVR concept for a number of years; and so did the introduction of the so-called U-format. As a need for VTRs in the consumer market arose, the LVR development received new impulse. High technical standards must be set, and the limitations of the helical VTR must be overcome for general consumer applications. New avenues in LVR design are described. They depart from the Newell tape transport system, and comprise the BASF and the endless loop transport systems. Recent examples of advanced LVR design are embodied in the Toshiba LVR, and in the latest BASF recorder. Application of the LVR concept to digital video recording may benefit from the high packing density possible in digital recording. Smaller, lightweight LVRs with reduced tape area consumption may soon become a possibility for both industrial and home consumer applications.",
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        "affiliation": "Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Inc., One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094.",
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    "abstract": "A newly developed 30-mm Saticon pickup tube is described. The tube (BC4398) has reduced lag, higher resolution, and enhanced registration as a result of a reduction in the scanning angle. A target connection through the faceplate assures a very low shunt-capacitance coupling. In addition, the tube has provision for internal tube bias lighting. The various features result in a pickup tube that is useful for tele-production cameras and other demanding uses, including highest quality broadcast cameras.",
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        "affiliation": "RCA, Electro-Optics and Devices, Solid State Division, New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17604.",
        "name": "Al Month"
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    "docTitle": "A 30-mm High-Performance Saticon™ Pickup Tube",
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    "abstract": "In concise form, some aspects of digital audio recording on videotape are discussed. It may be important for the specialist to know, in the next few years, answers to some related questions. Digital audio recording is briefly compared with bias (analog) audio recording. The essential elements of a digital recording system are mentioned; its accuracy is proportional to the number of bits available to measure a signal; its dynamic range is given by a multiple of this number plus a constant. Four methods for the digitization of an audio signal are described: linear digitization, nonlinear companding, floating point, and near-instantaneous companding. Sampling rates and their influence on bandwidth and interfacing are discussed. Alias components must be avoided, and the dc components of the signal must be suppressed or accommodated. In designing digital audio recording equipment, not only must there be given careful consideration to the physical arrangement of the recording heads and the corresponding track placement on the tape, but also to the concealment and correction of errors within the bit stream. General agreement on design practices will make recorders of various manufacturers freely interchangeable.",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Audio Recording on Videotape: Some Choices",
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    "abstract": "The major reasons for the current interest in the use of multiplex methods for transmitting stereophonic sound and bilingual programs are reviewed. The TV multiplex system employing two subcarriers that is now in use for public service in Japan is described. The paper also outlines the TV multiplex system utilized by the national television network of Uganda, in which four FM subcarriers are used for multilingual news service as well as for voice communication between staff members of the different stations of the network. The technical problems that arise in TV transmitters and receivers when multiplex methods are employed are examined. The need for full compatibility with existing TV transmitting systems and the many millions of receivers now in service is emphasized. Various means for solving or minimizing the technical problems are described.",
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        "name": "William S. Halstead"
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        "name": "Richard W. Burden"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Taking into account the current applications of tape machines in sound broadcasting, a brief outline is given of the advantages and disadvantages resulting from the introduction of digital techniques in the magnetic recording of sound, together with the interfaces that would have to be provided with other equipment involved in the preparation of a program. The parameters that influence the quality, and the cumulative effects of the various production operations on this quality, are examined also. The optimum values for the sampling frequency and the quantizing levels are studied next, taking account of the constraints imposed by the structure of the program chains. Finally, the principle of a method for error protection applicable to digital recording is described.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Research Department of Télé-diffusion de France, 21-27 rue Barbes, BP 518, 92542 Montrouge, France.",
        "name": "A. Weisser"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00466",
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    "docTitle": "The Digital Recording of Sound in Broadcasting",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "520–524",
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    "abstract": "A quick-response light-modulating device would be useful for extending the frequency range possible in recording variable-area soundtracks. A laser light-modulating device based on a new principle has been constructed. The deflection angle of the laser beam is kept constant, independent of the level of the recorded sound signal; the variable-area soundtrack is produced by an optical shutter controlled by pulse-width-modulated signals. The block diagram and optical scheme of the device are given and its operation is explained. A laboratory unit is described and a recording obtained experimentally is illustrated. Several advantages of the new device are indicated.",
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    "abstract": "The most important application of digital technology to television broadcasting may well be the conversion of the analog video signal into a digital format (digital video). This development has been characterized as occurring in three phases, beginning with digital black boxes and culminating with the all-digital studio. A proposed interim stage is the digital editing suite. Its inputs and outputs would be analog; within the suite, however, digital processing would be used. One can anticipate early use of digital video recording in program production and of digital editing suites in post production, but the timetable for the appearance of the all-digital television studio is difficult to predict. It is necessary to specify technical standards for the digital studio, i.e. the choice of composite or component coding of the video signal. Component digital coding has many advantages. It allows a significant improvement in the quality of the television picture. By the use of a family of extensible codes, an appropriate code can be selected to suit the application. Component coding makes possible a worldwide compatible standard with a commonality of broadcast equipment.",
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    "abstract": "A technique for coding the luminance component of a broadcast television signal that was designed to operate at a transmission rate of 10 Mbit/s is described. The algorithm employs conditional interpolation in which one picture element of a block is accurately coded (using differential pulse code modulation) and an attempt is made to interpolate the remaining elements in the block. Those elements that are not accurately interpolated, according to a visually oriented criterion, are indicated by a code, and correction information is additionally transmitted. The algorithm codes with high quality the wide range of picture material likely to be encountered in broadcast television, where high levels of detail, fast panning, and noisy signals are problems. With a transmission error rate of 10-6 (prior to error correction), picture quality remains very high, while at a rate of 10-4 a small but noticeable increase in noise level is noticed adjacent to moving edges and in detailed areas.",
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        "affiliation": "E. G. Bowen, Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ 07733.",
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    "abstract": "An innovative and inexpensive off-line videotape editing system is described which permits single camera film style production shooting using an electronic camera with a single videotape recorder. The single camera film technique, developed over an 80-year period, does not permit editing during production, in direct contrast to the television multi-camera technique. Television developed without the benefit of a storage medium, and all editing was done directly during production by switching from one camera to another in real time. This multi-camera television technique is suited to some types of production, but others are best produced in the traditional single camera film style where all edit decisions are made in the post production stage. The single camera production technique offers a great deal of artistic flexibility. Single camera photography can be done with electronic cameras on videotape, but, up to present, an inexpensive off-line videotape editing system tailored to the specific requirements of single camera production was not available. The system developed by CBS permits the free combination of camera angles and scene elements in any desired sequence, and permits the action at each edit point to be matched and previewed. It provides a practical and immediate real time replay using videotape. The system is optimized especially for the re-editing phase, as most single camera productions undergo four to six revisions before final approval, and each revision needs real time review for evaluation. The operational efficiency of the single camera videotape post production editing system is illustrated.",
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    "abstract": "The French state-owned Société Française de Production et de Créations Audiovisuelles (SFP) has been experimenting in recent years with electronic cinematography, shooting with a single video camera on 1-in tape. Some salient points of their latest experiences are described. They include, at the beginning, adjustments in labor union relations. Equipment planning for video recording is outlined. The shooting procedure was equivalent to a normal production on film, except for the use of an electronic camera. The advantages of this method are enumerated, and some of the director's, the lighting director's, and the camera crew's experiences and opinions are cited. The post-production phase — transfer to working dubs, scene selection, rough cut, final cut, sound effects placing and mix-down, final on-line transfer of the 1-in tape in conformity with the workprint — is illustrated, and working days for each step are given. A brief description of the planning of editing equipment and its use concludes the paper.",
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    "abstract": "A new range of projection lenses for 35-mm cinema projectors is described. General requirements for projection lenses are mentioned. Basic design considerations for the new lens — the Cinelux-Ultra lens — are discussed. Its modulation transfer function (MTF) and other parameters (field curvature, light transmission efficiency, field illumination evenness, distortion, lateral chromatic aberration) are illustrated, and some are compared to earlier Schneider projection lens designs.",
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    "docTitle": "50 Years Ago in the Journal",
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    "docTitle": "“Handbook of Animation Techniques” (Eli L. Levitan; 1979) [Book Reviews]",
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    "docTitle": "“Laser 79 Opto-Electronics: Munich 2–6 July 1979 Conference Proceedings” (W. Waidelich; 1979) [Book Reviews]",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00497",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Recovery and reuse of color developer overflows is commonly done by one of three methods: (1) reconstitution, (2) ion exchange, and (3) electrodialysis. An alternative to reusing all or part of the overflow by application of one of these methods is to recover and reuse only the color developing agent. This paper describes three methods to reclaim the color developing agent: (1) precipitation, (2) extraction, and (3) dialysis. The precipitation method is based on salting out. The extraction procedure involves two alternatives: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid. Dialysis is not discussed at length in this paper. Of these methods, one of the most promising is liquid-solid extraction. The recovery and reuse of Kodak color developing agent CD-2 from the Eastman color print developer by liquid-solid extraction is described. Only laboratory (small-scale) tests have been made so far of any of these reclamation methods. A brief discussion of costs is made.",
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        "affiliation": "Charleton C. Bard, Eastman Kodak Co., Photographic Technology Division, Kodak Park, Building 69, Floor 7, Rochester, NY 14650.",
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    "docTitle": "Recovery and Reuse of Color Developing Agents",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "abstract": "Charles and Mitasik in an earlier SMPTE Journal paper described a computer program that simulates the photographic soundtrack recording and reproducing system. The present paper discusses the application of that program to the design of motion picture soundtrack films. The fundamental characteristics of the program itself are also reviewed. Such a computer program aids in the study of sound films in two ways. First, it facilitates understanding of the characteristics of all the elements in the system. These characteristics must be known quantitatively as well as qualitatively before an effective program can be developed. Second, the simulation program is useful in allowing hypothetical film products to be tested and evaluated without the expense and delay of actually making experimental batches of product. Also discussed is how the computer simulation program can contribute to the design of sound negative films in both of these ways.",
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        "affiliation": "Ronald E. Uhlig, Eastman Kodak Co., Photographic Technology Division, Kodak Park, Bldg. 69, Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "Ronald E. Uhlig"
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    "docTitle": "The Relationship of Film Parameters to Photographic Soundtrack Quality",
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    "abstract": "A new sound negative film for variable-area photographic soundtracks has been deveoped. The film, known as Eastman sound recording II film 5373/7373, will offer improved sound quality for the final listener as well as broader latitude in the laboratory compared with Eastman fine grain sound recording film 5375/7375. Fundamental photographic characteristics of the film such as spectral sensitivity, modulation transfer function, and contrast are first described. Audio quality (frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, distortion, and exposure latitude) is next described. Finally, the handling and processing characteristics of the film in the laboratory are treated in the final two sections.",
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        "affiliation": "Ronald E. Uhlig (who read the paper), John W. Erwin, James C. Bolthouse is with the Photographic Technology Div., Building 69; Mr. Erwin, with the Film Technical Services Div.; Mr. Bolthouse, with the Film Emulsion/Plate Mfg. Div.",
        "name": "R. Uhlig"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Ronald E. Uhlig (who read the paper), John W. Erwin, James C. Bolthouse is with the Photographic Technology Div., Building 69; Mr. Erwin, with the Film Technical Services Div.; Mr. Bolthouse, with the Film Emulsion/Plate Mfg. Div.",
        "name": "J. Erwin"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Ronald E. Uhlig (who read the paper), John W. Erwin, James C. Bolthouse is with the Photographic Technology Div., Building 69; Mr. Erwin, with the Film Technical Services Div.; Mr. Bolthouse, with the Film Emulsion/Plate Mfg. Div.",
        "name": "J. Bolthouse"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Mr. McNair and Mr. Hufford, with the Motion Picture and Audio Visual Markets Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "H. McNair"
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        "affiliation": "Mr. McNair and Mr. Hufford, with the Motion Picture and Audio Visual Markets Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The phenomenon of cavitation in a liquid provides a highly efficient means of cleaning film surfaces without making any physical contact with the film surfaces undergoing treatment. The following aspects are discussed: transducer systems; type of cavitation and bubble pressures; oscillator frequency and how it affects cavitation intensity; bubble size and distribution; the correct value of transducer input power; diffuse and focused methods of converting the electrical signal into mechanical energy for the production of cavitation; film cleaning solvents; and the drying of a film cleaned in a volatile solvent.",
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        "affiliation": "Ronald N. Haig, Lipsner-Smith Co. Ltd., Unit 7, Cowley Mill Trading Estate, Longbridge Way, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 2YG, England.",
        "name": "Ronald N. Haig"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Digital modulation methods for TV satellite transmission can offer advantages in satellite transmission power and bandwidth if the bit rate can be reduced to 34 Mbit/s (to 34.368 Mbit/s, the bit rate for 480-channel PCM systems). A very efficient coding technique, differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), is described, and its application for TV transmission is shown. A test system for demonstrating the feasibility of digital TV transmission is described in detail. In this system the composite TV signal is split into its luminance and chrominance components. Tests via directional radio and satellite line have been carried out using a modem with 4-PSK (phase-shift-keying) as interface. After DPCM encoding these picture signals and accompanying sound signals are multiplexed and transmitted together with a code word for synchronization. On the receive side the signals are demultiplexed and after decoding are provided as analog signals. An example of digitally transmitted pictures is given to show that good picture quality has been achieved.",
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        "affiliation": "Roland Burkhardt and Josef Wasser, Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG, Box 40 07 49, Hellmuth-Hirth Strasse 42, D-7000 Stuttgart 40, Federal Republic of Germany.",
        "name": "Roland Burkhardt"
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        "affiliation": "Roland Burkhardt and Josef Wasser, Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG, Box 40 07 49, Hellmuth-Hirth Strasse 42, D-7000 Stuttgart 40, Federal Republic of Germany.",
        "name": "Josef Wasser"
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    "abstract": "The specification of the resolving power of a television camera tube is a very complex task. The tube cannot be evaluated except in the total television camera system, each component of which may influence the final result. The resolving power is generally specified in terms of amplitude response to a square-wave pattern of a given line number. However, it is now known that the geometrical shape of the resolving aperture is usually elliptical and that the camera-tube system does not have a unique amplitude response. Therefore, a method of computing the geometrical shape of the resolving aperture has been developed using a new test pattern and computer program. MTF (modulation transfer function) theory, the basis for this method, is given. Amplitude response measurements taken from the new test pattern are used to calculate the three parameters which specify resolving power. These three parameters are effective amplitude response, asymmetry ratio, and MTF index. Measurements taken on various camera tubes illustrate the new method and its results.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "L. D. Miller, RCA Solid State Division, Electro-Optics and Devices, New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17604.",
        "name": "L. D. Miller"
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    "docTitle": "A New Method of Specifying the Resolving Power of Television Camera Tubes Using the RCA P-300 Test Chart",
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    "pages": "249–256",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new form of television broadcasting is proposed. It consists of the transmission of a series of color still pictures accompanied by their individual sound complements. To this effect, the still picture receiver must incorporate a frame memory for the storage and repeated readout of a given program picture until a new picture signal is received. Single-chip 64K-bit CCD memories are now commercially available (among other memory devices) and may provide for a quite economical frame memory of small size, well suited for the purpose. Phase Alternating Sub-Nyquist Sampling (PASS) is used for the digital recording of NTSC video signals. This reduces the bit rate and the amount of memory required. The principles of PASS encoding are explained. Three types of interpolation filters, needed for the suppression of aliasing, have been investigated. A two-dimensional analysis of PASS encoding is discussed in the paper. Three PASS encoding methods are described in detail: (1) field alternation; (2) one-line alternation; and (3) two-line alternation. An outline of the practical design of an experimental digital frame memory for a still picture television receiver is given. With this design, actual picture signals appeared good. Vectorscope color bar displays before and after processing by the frame memory showed good coincidence.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "NHK Technical Research Laboratories, 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Takehiko Yoshino"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NHK Technical Research Laboratories, 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Akira Ohya"
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    "docTitle": "Digital Frame Memory for Still Picture Television Receivers — PASS Encoding System and Application",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "257–262",
    "publicationDate": "1980-04-01",
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    "authors": [
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "302–302",
    "publicationDate": "1980-04-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "news",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docTitle": "New Products & Developments",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00519",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "304–310",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "311–311",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "312–312",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Donald G. Fink, Consultant, Chairman of the SMPTE High-Definition Television Study Group, 103-B Heritage Hills, Somers, NY 10589.",
        "name": "Donald G. Fink"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00522",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 2, February 1980)",
    "docTitle": "The Future of High-Definition Television: First Portion of a Report of the SMPTE Study Group on High-Definition Television",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00522",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00522",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "89–94",
    "publicationDate": "1980-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00522iiA",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Table of Contents",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1980-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00522iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 2, 1980)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Editorial Board",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/89/2/3/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A unique 16mm variable-area sound recording system using a scanned laser beam has been developed by Yokohama Cinema Labs, Inc. under the technical guidance of NHK Technical Research Labs, of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. This system (U.S. patent approved) has no mechanically moving parts, and the limits of the exposed area depend only on the sound input signal. Its purpose is to extend the frequency bandwidth of the sound record. The frequency bandwidth of the reproduced signal is limited by the characteristics of the film and by the theoretical limits imposed by the reproducing aperture. By virtue of the high intensity of the laser beam, a low-speed photographic film having high resolution can be used as a recording medium. This makes possible the direct recording on color print film, which would be impossible with a conventional recorder. Performance data for Eastman color print film type 7381 processed with normal soundtrack development were as follows: frequency response was −3 dB at 10 kHz with a reproducer aperture of 12 μm; distortion was 2.2% at 400 Hz, with 80% modulation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan",
        "name": "T. Taneda"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan",
        "name": "Y. Sugiura"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan",
        "name": "T. Motoki"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohama Cinema Labs. Inc., 22, Kuritaya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221, Japan.",
        "name": "G. Oishi"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohama Cinema Labs. Inc., 22, Kuritaya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221, Japan.",
        "name": "H. Miyatera"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohama Cinema Labs. Inc., 22, Kuritaya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221, Japan.",
        "name": "T. Umezawa"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00523",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 2, February 1980)",
    "docTitle": "A High-Quality Optical Sound Recording System Using a Scanned Laser Beam",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00523",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "95–97",
    "publicationDate": "1980-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/89/2/5/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The RCA P200 test chart was developed to eliminate most of the variables involved in the process of measuring the resolution capabilities of a television camera tube. The test pattern produces measurements that are relatively independent of video-amplifier frequency response and eliminates signal variation or test-pattern brightness variations across the tube as a factor in the measurements. The pattern facilitates beam focus to assure minimum astigmatism and analysis of the astigmatism present in the system at the best focus. The use of narrow-band video-amplifier response in conjunction with this pattern greatly reduces noise and increases the accuracy of measurements. The P200 test chart also allows accurate measurement of the resolution of tubes with very high resolution characteristics.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Image Device Application Engineering, RCA Electro-Optics and Devices, Solid State Division, Lancaster, PA 17604.",
        "name": "R.G. Neuhauser"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00524",
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    "docTitle": "Measuring Camera-Tube Resolution with the RCA P200 Test Chart",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00524",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "97–100",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The operation of a solid-state sensor telecine in color presents all the problems of monochrome operation together with new ones associated with color. The monochrome problems have been previously described in the SMPTE Journal, and only aspects of color operation are discussed here. Color operation brings with it problems of registration of three sensors, the need for correct color analysis, which can be difficult with restricted blue response sensors, and a noise characteristic which causes the noise to be excessively visible. In the meantime, excellent picture quality is being obtained, all aspects of performance being as good or better than can be achieved with existing techniques with the exception of noise visibility. It is believed that further development of sensors will solve this problem, particularly if such development is more specifically directed to this application.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "BBC Research Department, Kingswood Warren, Tadworth, Surrey KT20 6NP, England.",
        "name": "Ian Childs"
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      {
        "affiliation": "BBC Research Department, Kingswood Warren, Tadworth, Surrey KT20 6NP, England.",
        "name": "J. Richard Sanders"
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    ],
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00525",
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    "docTitle": "Color Operation of a Line-Array CCD Telecine",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "100–106",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Several important segments of the professional photographic industry are using film products on polyester base. To date, the motion picture industry has primarily used polyester base for super 8 and some 16mm applications. Polyester base offers distinct advantages over triacetate base which would make it particularly suitable for other motion picture applications. Polyester has greater tensile and tear strength, is less apt to suffer surface abrasions on the base side, and is far more dimensionally stable. Some of the concerns the industry has on polyester base are in the areas of splicing, slitting, rejuvenation, and the greater mechanical strength which causes fear of equipment damage. With the objective of measuring the awareness of polyester base and experience with polyester in the market, and also to investigate the readiness of the motion picture industry to accept a more widespread use of polyester base, Agfa-Gevaert sponsored a market survey of U.S. motion picture laboratories, distributors, and exhibitors. This paper reports in detail on the results of this survey. The consequences for the film manufacturer of a market moving towards increased use of polyester base conclude this report.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Marketing Motion Picture Products, Agfa-Gevaert, N.V., Septestraat 27, B-2510 Mortsel, Belgium.",
        "name": "George J. Van Schil"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00526",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 2, February 1980)",
    "docTitle": "The Use of Polyester Film Base in the Motion Picture Industry — a Market Survey",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00526",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "106–110",
    "publicationDate": "1980-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abstract": "Research on shooting methods of 3-D program production for natural and fatigue-free 3-D images is under way. Toed-in and parallel camera configurations are available for shooting 3-D programs. The former is usually used because shooting and viewing conditions can be easily set to get a desired 3-D design. It has been shown, however, that this camera configuration brings about the inconsistency between depth information by lens perspective and by binocular parallax, and that this inconsistency leads to the size distortion called the puppet theater effect. This effect describes the tendency of objects in 3-D images to look unnaturally small. On the contrary, the parallel camera configuration does not cause such inconsistency under the specific shooting and viewing conditions called the orthostereoscopic condition. The possibilities of representation in 3-D images using this method are discussed in this paper.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Hirokazu Yamanoue, NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Hirokazu Yamanoue"
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    "docTitle": "The Relation between Size Distortion and Shooting Conditions for Stereoscopic Images",
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    "pages": "225–232",
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    "abstract": "The official field and laboratory testing has concluded, and the results have yielded new insights as well as confirming existing information regarding the implementation of digital television (DTV) in the U.S. Concurrently the FCC has issued a new Notice of Inquiry, and the final implementation timetable is being debated. This paper presents summaries leading to more specific practical execution models and techniques. Specific issues and findings regarding the network/station architecture, local station models, HDTV/SDTV operation, and simulcasting are discussed. The ATSC standard, signal formats, transmission schemes, and new presentation and storage methodology are discussed as the specific challenges are addressed. Finally, implementation cost models revised from previous discussions are presented.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "William Y. Zou (who read the paper) is with PBS. Alexandria, VA 22314",
        "name": "William Y. Zou"
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        "affiliation": "James A. Kutzner is with Twin Cities Public Television, Saint Paul, MN 55042.",
        "name": "James A. Kutzner"
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    "docTitle": "Practical Implementation of Digital Television: Update 1996",
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        "name": "J. Francis"
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        "name": "E. Ioszef"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Standards conversion has been a feature of the television industry since its inception. Recent technical advances have enabled a new technology, motion compensation, to be applied to the process. Real-time analysis of the signal is used to measure the motion of all objects in the scene, which are used to significantly reduce the motion artifacts normally present in a converted signal. With accurate vectors the converted performance is as good as that with stationary images. The vectors may also be used with film-originated material to give the signal the same appearance as video, or to correct for the irregular sequence created when 24 frame/sec film is played into 60 field/sec video.",
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        "affiliation": "Vistek Electronics Ltd., Bourne End. Bucks., U.K.",
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        "affiliation": "Vistek Electronics Ltd., Bourne End. Bucks., U.K.",
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    "docTitle": "Applications of Motion Compensation to Standards Conversion and Film Transfer",
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    "abstract": "This article describes video on demand (VOD) and near video on demand (NVOD) and explains the differences between the various types of VOD systems as they relate to telephone company (Telco), commmunity antenna or cable television (CATV), cellular TV, and hotel applications. System similarities of the various carriers are described, with the intent to identify as much common equipment as possible that will be compatible across the various applications. Basic VOD functional requirements are also discussed. Hotel VOD systems are really small CATV or Telco systems that can be expanded into full-size, commercially viable VOD systems easily because of their scalable architecture. The roles of image compression, video-friendly disk-storage systems, video servers, encryption, switching, transmission, and control-system elements in this VOD application are also discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Hodge Computer Research Corp.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hodge Computer Research Corp.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00594",
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    "docTitle": "Letter to the Editor on Usage of the Word “Stereoscopic”",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE European Conference ′93 Milan Trade Fair, Milan, Italy October 14-16, 1993",
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    "abstract": "In 1992, for the last time, the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held during the same year. Also in 1992, the Winter and Summer Olympic Games both took place in European cities: Albertville, France, and Barcelona, Spain. The year 1992 was a key one for Europe — the year of European unity. It was also in Europe, in Seville, Spain, that the world exhibition, EXPO 92, was held that same year. The year also enabled Europe to organize, both for the Winter Games and for the Summer Games, the largest-scale broadcast of high-definition television (HDTV) ever undertaken during such events.",
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    "abstract": "This article presents the developmental work on an environmentally safe aqueous-based motion-picture film cleaner. This work has been performed under the aegis of the Technology Council of the Motion Picture/Television Industry, more commonly referred to as the Tech Council. The Tech Council was formed about four years ago by a group of scientists and engineers from the motion-picture, broadcasting, and allied industries. They volunteer their time and talents for the goal of identifying and resolving technology problems — safety and environmental issues that are too large or complex for individual companies to tackle alone.",
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    "abstract": "The DigiSync® was originally conceived by the Technical Research and Development Division of the National Film Board of Canada as an intelligent, multipurpose, multiformat film counter/calculator designed to replace the traditional mechanical footage counter on benchtop film synchronizers. The prototype unit offered interformat translation, calculator functionality, two independent counters, and a serial communications capability to permit enhanced automation opportunities. Its ability to compute in all film and video formats provided a facile link between the film and video worlds. After the ten original prototypes had been in service for about a year, the advent of machine-readable edge numbers made it apparent that an opportunity existed to enhance the original design to provide even greater automation of the film post-production process. Accordingly, the National Film Board of Canada funded the developer of the prototypes, Research in Motion Ltd. of Waterloo, Ontario, to redesign the unit to take advantage of this opportunity. The result is the production version of the DigiSync.",
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    "abstract": "Different people have widely differing views of what they mean by the “perfect” television system. The requirements seem to be without limit, and many are mutually exclusive. This article proposes an alternative “ideal” standard that could adapt, on an element-by-element basis, to continually provide a near-optimum balance of performance aspects for all individual areas of the picture. Three-dimensional filtering can provide much better utilization of the available bandwidth and may produce results similar to those of adaptive processing. The ideal standard concept includes a standard transmission format that would operate with standard and high-definition signals in a way that would make them compatible.",
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    "abstract": "The first charge-coupled device (CCD) used by Sony in a broadcast camera was an interline-transfer imager. The device offers high sensitivity and a resolution compatible with that of 1/2-in. analog recording VTRs. Because of its wide dynamic range, sensitivity, and highlight-handling characteristics, it ensures consistent picture capture of poorly lit scenes. The interline-transfer imager, however, is vulnerable to vertical smear on severe highlights. A new CCD combines frame-transfer operation with the interline-transfer mechanism. This CCD offers removal of vertical smear and the ability to incorporate an electronic shutter. A new camera has been built around this CCD, and a companion portable control unit extends its application to electronic field production.",
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        "affiliation": "E. Tamura, and T. Iwasaki are with Sony Communications Products Co., Teaneck, NJ 07666.",
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        "affiliation": "E. Tamura, and T. Iwasaki are with Sony Communications Products Co., Teaneck, NJ 07666.",
        "name": "E. Tamura"
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        "affiliation": "E. Tamura, and T. Iwasaki are with Sony Communications Products Co., Teaneck, NJ 07666.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Colorimetric tolerance limits for acceptable reproduction performance of TV cameras for light skin tones and some color groups are suggested. These are based on color differences between original and reproduced color derived from experimental results of two independent, large-scale measurement studies of TV studio cameras. The suggested limits compare reasonably well with published results of subjective tests. Regarding the suggested tolerance limits, it is shown that for the 93 cameras measured the average performance for the color groups does not give more information about camera performance acceptability than is given by a single light skin tone. The measurement of this single sample therefore gives as much information about performance acceptability as the average based on measurement of the larger number of samples in the color groups investigated. If this is generally valid, evaluation of acceptability based mainly on the results for group averages, as in some presently recommended methods, is insufficient. The evaluation must then be based on results for individual color samples alone.",
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    "docTitle": "On Testing the Colorimetric Performance of TV Cameras",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "An engineering perspective on the design of lightweight pan and tilt heads for electronic news gathering (ENG) and electronic field production (EFP) applications is given. Included is an examination of the general requirements for TV camera mountings and the specific requirements for lightweight mountings, and of how these requirements are met in a new range of camera mountings for ENG and EFP.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Committee on Progress, as it was known then, was one of the first committees formed soon after the Society was founded in 1916. The 1920 Report of the Committee on Progress, published in Transactions of the Society in May 1920, consisted of five pages and concerned itself mainly with the manufacture of arc lamp carbons, motion-picture theater projection booth equipment, and the development of gas-filled incandescent lamps for projection. The report has been published annually since those formative years.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The year 1987 was a challenging and rewarding one. Reviewing the accomplishments of the engineering committees, it is clear that the delicate process of standardization was well mastered by this group of dedicated people and by the companies that support them. It was a proud moment for the Society when it was awarded an Emmy by the National Academy of Arts and Sciences for its contribution to the achievement of a world digital video recording standard, known as D-1. It is significant that this work was done in close cooperation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), which also received an Emmy for its contributions, and it demonstrates again that the Society has achieved international recognition as a major standards organization. This is a very important step in a world coalesced by the advances in international telecommunications, and in which only worldwide standards are ultimately practicable and economical.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "During 1987, the motion-picture industry continued to set records in box office revenue, number of theater screens, sale of color negative films, and the number of production starts and theatrical releases.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Nineteen eighty-seven was a banner year, with more hardware than that introduced the previous year, and improvements to products already established within the industry. Quantities of D-1 machines as well as various types of SP machines became available. The CCD camera for ENG and EFP applications now features improved resolution and has many of the automatic features found in the larger studio cameras. Digital audio editing continues to grow. Improved NTSC/PAL encoding and decoding technology is being utilized, and 1500-Oe metal particle tape is now available from several sources.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In addition to the 21st Annual Television conference held in San Francisco February 6–7, 1987, and the 129th Technical Conference held in Los Angeles October 31 to November 4, 1987, a number of outstanding educational programs were arranged and presented by the various sections as either mini-conferences, regular section meetings, or through special services provided by the sections. This year, a number of the sections used teleconferencing to make their meetings available either regionally or on a national level in both the U.S. and Canada. More and more, teleconferencing is expected to be done in the future, and the Society is in the process of analyzing and supporting this growth.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "abstract": "Further information about these items can be obtained from the addresses given. As with technical papers, the Society is not responsible for manufacturers' statements, and publication of these items does not constitute endorsement of the products or services.",
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    "abstract": "Enhancements can be made to the control panel and the internal architecture of a video production switcher to simplify operation of a digital effects device from the switcher panel. Presently, inputs to digital effects devices are typically selected from auxiliary or external routing buses, and the output of the digital effects enters the switcher as an input. If a key channel is used and transformed with the digital effects, key-processing circuitry with additional key input routing is required. The output of the digital effects device still needs to be combined with other video sources into the final output. The ability to select and route sources, generate key signals, and mix output video are common to the video production switcher. With some additional hardware and control enhancements to the switcher, a digital effects device can easily be controlled with an efficiency of hardware.",
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    "abstract": "The features of the new Fujicolor intermediate film FCI 8213 and 8223 are described. Advances in emulsion technology made it possible to produce the FCI with high definition, ultrafine grain, and high sensitivity. The FCI, developed as a duplicating film for use in making both color master positives and duplicate negatives, features a low-fading cyan coupler, which greatly extends color-image life.",
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    "abstract": "Proposed is a general-purpose video computer that combines and extends many studio or post-production functions now available only in separate pieces of equipment. The ideal machine is described and the level of its development noted. The restrictions of real time and broadcast day are compared. The conclusion is that the video computers are a viable idea for broadcast-day turnaround and that the hardware already exists as so-called image computers — general-purpose digital computers for computations on images. Software houses, consequently, could immediately begin preparing applications on video computers for the broadcast video market.",
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        "affiliation": "A.C.E. is a consultant in Agoura, CA 91301.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00694",
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    "docTitle": "HDTV: A Preview of the Future",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Film and television have been partners for more than 35 years. During this time great improvements have been made in both media, with the public receiving most of the benefits. With high-definition television (HDTV) now possible, film as an originating medium is more important than ever. Eastman color negative film 5247, the 35-mm motion-picture format, will support HDTV systems up to 1400 lines at 50 MHz and may support up to a 2000-line HDTV system; it will provide an input signal with a signal-to-noise ratio >50 dB (unweighted). High-speed digital image processing makes film an even more valuable origination source because of its wide exposure latitude and the manufacturers' ability to manipulate film speed, exposure, latitude, sharpness, and granularity to provide an optimum recording medium for all forms of television and motion-picture production.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "J. Liang, M. Kriss. K. Lisk. R. Schlin, and R. Schafer of Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "Michael A. Kriss"
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      {
        "name": "Jeanine Liang"
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      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00712",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Today's Photographic Imaging Technology for Tomorrow's HDTV System",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00712",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00712",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article describes the wide range of film stocks used for optical special effects work in motion pictures. The use of traveling mattes and painted mattes is discussed, as well as the problems of matching contemporary work with that from archival sources. The properties of the various films used are described, together with reasons for their selection and application. The article is illustrated with examples from various films employing optical trick photography.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Roy Field, Pinewood Studios, England, and Tony Iles, Kodak Ltd., Hemel Hempstead, England.",
        "name": "Roy Field"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Roy Field, Pinewood Studios, England, and Tony Iles, Kodak Ltd., Hemel Hempstead, England.",
        "name": "Tony Iles"
      }
    ],
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      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00713",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Tutorial: Film Stocks Used for Optical Special Effects",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00713",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00713",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "819–823",
    "publicationDate": "1983-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article describes the development of a cost-effective computer-based management information and operations support system (MIOSS) for a television operation. Selection of the hardware and software required to meet design objectives, as well as the programming language used, are discussed. The article describes why the final choice was principally OMSI Pascal with critical routines being written in M68000 Assembler. The system can be modified, with minimal special hardware and software design, for such diverse operations as newsrooms, commercial compilation for stations serving several regions, tape and film libraries, and continuity (presentation).",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Michael S. Tooms. Both authors are affiliated with Protel Computer Systems Ltd., Wokingham, Berkshire, England.",
        "name": "Michael S. Tooms"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Michael S. Tooms. Both authors are affiliated with Protel Computer Systems Ltd., Wokingham, Berkshire, England.",
        "name": "John W. Anderson"
      }
    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00714",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
    "docTitle": "The Evolution of a Comprehensive Computer Support System for the Television Operation",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00714",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00714",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "824–833",
    "publicationDate": "1983-08-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "Television systems with 1000 lines or greater resolution have been available for several decades, but the relatively wide bandwidths required have precluded their use except for short distances. One solution is the generation of narrow bandwidth, single frame video signals for transmission purposes, with scan conversion by means of digital memory at the receiver. The system described in this article incorporates two methods for transmission of high-resolution “slow-scan” TV signals: the first using a conventional 1000+ CCT camera in conjunction with an unusual sampling/digitizing scan converter; and the second consisting of a solid state linear array with 35-mm optics and horizontal axis scanning produced by a rotating mirror. The receiving part of the system consists of analog signal processing, digitizing, and addressing of a memory by which the signal is converted to an analog video signal, with the resultant image on a standard TV monitor.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Glen R. Southworth, Colorado Video, Inc., Boulder, CO.",
        "name": "Glen R. Southworth"
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00715",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
    "docTitle": "A High-Definition Still-Frame Television System",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00715",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "834–842",
    "publicationDate": "1983-08-01",
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    "abstract": "A new three-channel audio matrix for use in multichannel sound television broadcasting is described. The proposed transmissions can be received by either a triphonic, biphonic, or monophonic receiver. The system utilizes two conventional stereophonic channels, plus a third channel which drives a center loudspeaker and which is used to subtract the center signal components from the left and right channels in a three-channel receiver. This eliminates the necessity for listeners to be positioned precisely halfway between the loudspeakers for optimum hearing conditions.",
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        "affiliation": "Emil Torick, CBS Technology Center, Stamford, CT 06905.",
        "name": "Emil Torick"
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
    "docTitle": "A Triphonic Sound System for Television Broadcasting",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article reports on the work being done by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) to promote optimum technical standards for television programs exchanged in the form of films between broadcasting organizations in different countries. It discusses the characteristics of the films used in the programs, and recommends practices for the technical operation, alignment, and measurement of television film-scanners.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Max Rotthaler, Institut für Rundfunk-technik, Munich, Fed. Rep. of Germany.",
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    "publicationDate": "1983-08-01",
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    "abstract": "“The quirky unreliability of our visual communication technology - whether motion-picture, multi-image, or electronic - has been a recurrent theme in our industries ever since the LumiPre brothers established the first film theater in Paris 87 years ago. But the failure of the Tinian screening was more than a mere technical snafu. It represented a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of visual literacy, something that technology alone cannot remedy.” “… a changeover will require, among many other things, a fundamental perceptual change in this country, and in every other major center of commerce. That perceptual change will entail a vastly increased public comprehension of what I referred to a few moments ago as ‘visual literacy’ - the ability to comprehend and process information, attitudes, and feelings through visual media.”",
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    "abstract": "The feasibility of introducing a picture memory into domestic receivers at an acceptable cost opens new ways to approach the improvement of television picture quality. Until very recently, straightforward improvement of the picture memory opens up at least two alternative approaches (described in outline in a previous paper by Jackson and Tan1). First, if normal transmission were left unchanged, a combination of memory plus picture processing could achieve a greatly improved picture. With the alternative starting point of a large-screen picture of very high quality, processing could retain as much compatibility as possible. This article gives more detail about work already done along both these lines and also suggests some new possibilities.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A review of the design considerations of 1/2-in. cassette-based Y/R-Y/B-Y component recording system for broadcast applications. Physical characteristics (size, weight, etc.) were related to electromechanical design requirements such as writing speed, drum diameter, loading mechanism, power requirements, and tape carrier. Electrical characteristics included were the basic recording format, a time compression/division multiplex encoding technique for the color component signals, and the adaptability of equipment currently in use in a component system. The application of CCD technology to the encoding and decoding of component signals to improve recording density and chrominance component isolation is discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Thomas Mehrens, Sony Broadcast Co., San Jose, CA.",
        "name": "Thomas Mehrens"
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    "docTitle": "Innovations in ENG Recording Equipment",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00731",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "724–728",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A high-speed television camera and recorder system records images up to 2000 full frames/sec, or 12,000 partial frames/sec. The system employs a unique parallel recording format and solid state image sensor to record information at a maximum rate of 100 million pixels/sec. The data is recorded using a high-density head-tape combination which achieves an equivalent recording density of 5 million bits/in2 of tape, providing the required recording bandwidth of 265 MHz at a tape velocity of 200-in./sec. The system was designed for motion analysis applications, and includes a digital frame store for time-base correction and still-frame/slow-motion replay. Single frames may be accessed and held on command, stepping forward or backward. Internal microprocessors control and monitor the cassette-loaded recorder, the signal processing system, and the operator interface, while providing built-in measurement and analysis tools. In addition, the system may be operated under the control of a computer system to synchronize operation with a larger system and perform image enhancement and pattern recognition functions.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "James A. Bixby, Spin Physics (Div. of Eastman Kodak Co.), San Diego, CA 92121.",
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      "year": "1983"
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    "docTitle": "A High-Speed Television System for Motion Analysis",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Using the proposed Engineering Committee Recommendations ECR 3, Standards for Conference Facilities, as a starting point, the paper traces the design relationships between the architectural and projection parameters of learning spaces for front projection within the topic of audiovisual environments. The two sets of parameters are combined to illustrate professional techniques used in reaching optimum image dimensions for the learning spaces. The effects on projection equipment performance are shown. The design process is reviewed as involving the necessary application of three distinct standards. Further research into the subject is proposed, to develop a media facilities specification standard for the construction industry.",
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        "affiliation": "Alan J. Powell, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.",
        "name": "Alan J. Powell"
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    "abstract": "This article attempts to clarify some of the obscure beginnings of sound motion pictures, utilizing new information recently uncovered about Edison's work in this medium. Two technical perspectives are pursued. One describes Kinetophone, and the other explains the use of modern audio, film, and video technologies to generate picture and sound with qualities much better than are presumed possible for productions of this vintage.",
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    "docTitle": "Researching and Restoring Pioneer Talking Pictures: The 70th Anniversary of the Theatrical Release of Kinetophone",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Three fundamental discoveries made magnetic recording possible: the invention of the magnetic tape itself, the ring-shaped magnetic head, and high-frequency biasing. The history of Weber's invention of high-frequency biasing is the topic of this article. The HF-generator, in its present form, was not in existence at that time as an additional amplifier. Until now, there has been a gap in the history of Weber's invention. Some documents, drafted shortly after World War II, have been discovered, which contain a detailed description of all the missing elements.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A voluntary Theater Quality Evaluation Program, designed to give immediate technical feedback to motion-picture theater management and help them improve presentation quality, is proposed. Members of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) attending theaters would fill out a comprehensive evaluation form, sharing their technical opinions and expertise with the theater management on a confidential basis. These subjective evaluations would be done in the course of normal theater operation without special test films or equipment, thus allowing broad application and reflecting day-to-day performance as the audience experiences it.",
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        "affiliation": "Kenneth M. Mason, Chairman of the Intersociety Committee for the Enhancement of Theatrical Presentation",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Edward J. Blasko, Regional Engineering Coordinator, Eastman Kodak Co., Oak Brook, III., is an SMPTE Governor for the Central Region.",
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        "affiliation": "SMPTE Governor Central Region 1983-1984",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Generated by the Working Group on Nomenclature under the chairmanship of R. N. Hurst, the following terms and definitions were approved by the Video Recording and Reproduction Committee. The group is continuing to define the most commonly used terms in the field, and the glossary will be expanded and modified to reflect current usage. Comments on the glossary should be sent to Barry C. Detwiler, Television Engineer, at Society Headquarters.",
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    "docTitle": "The 125th SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit, Oct. 30–Nov. 4, Los Angeles",
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    "abstract": "The Jenkins Laboratories, station W3XK, is broadcasting movies by radio every Monday, Wednesday and Friday evening at 8 o'clock, Eastern Standard Time, on 46.72 meters (6420 K.C.); 48 lines per picture, and 15 pictures per second.",
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    "abstract": "The principles of photo electricity have been known to the scientific world for nearly 40 years. Very few photo electric cells, however, found their way out of the laboratory until the recent development of television and talking moving pictures. I am going to discuss briefly their history, some of their characteristics and their manufacture and construction.",
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    "abstract": "Color processes are broadly divided into two classes: the sub-tractive and the additive. In subtractive processes the image is actually composed of colored substances, usually dyes. The Technicolor, for example, is a two-color subtractive process. All subtractive processes worked out thus far require considerable knowledge and skill in processing and are, therefore, unsuitable for amateur photography.",
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      {
        "name": "M. W. Seymour"
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    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "The Kodacolor Process for Amateur Color Cinematography",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The Phonograph was invented in 1876 and was a household device by 1888. The Motion Picture was invented in 1889 and became a recognized means of public entertainment by 1895. The one is a record of what we hear and the other a record of what we see.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Edward W. Kellogg"
      }
    ],
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      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00757",
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    "pages": "948–966",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The idea of combining the mordanting and dye baths for obtaining dye toned images on motion picture positive film is by no means new. In 1912 Clement and Rivière recommended a single solution bath containing a basic dye, potassium ferricy-anide, potassium iodide, and sulphuric acid. In 1819 Shorrocks<sup>2</sup> patented a combined bath containing rhodamine, uranyl ferricy-anide, vanadium chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, sodium citrate, ammonium chloride and hydrochloric acid, while Friese-Greene and Thompson<sup>3</sup> were granted an English patent for a combination of a uranium mordanting bath with a basic dye.",
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      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
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      {
        "name": "C. E. Ives"
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    "docTitle": "Dye Toning with Single Solutions",
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    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00758",
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    "pages": "967–974",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Composite photography has received marked attention in the motion picture industry. The ability to double-expose actors, without phantom, into miniature action, or into distant location shots, has proven an interesting technical adjunct to motion picture production.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "C. Dodge Dunning"
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    ],
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    "pages": "975–979",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The motion picture art is an exacting one and with its ever increasing problems comes that salient one, voltage regulation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. A. Byles"
      }
    ],
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    },
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    "docTitle": "Voltage Regulators for Laboratory and Studio Service",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "980–997",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "For the past seven or eight years motion picture exhibitors have been endeavouring to provide a proper setting for the motion picture which would not only lend atmosphere to the program but would also possess entertainment value in itself.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. H. Kurlander"
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      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00761",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Effect Lighting in Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00761",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00761",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "998–1009",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "12",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The neon arc is considered in this paper largely as a supplementary light to go with the mercury arc. There are points of sharp contrast between these two arcs, and while not enough data are available to give anything like a complete summary of the neon arc, the known facts all indicate that it has great possibilities as a complementary unit to the mercury arc in the particular photographic applications in which this Society is interested. The data here given cover briefly the fundamental characteristics of the hot cathode and the general construction of the lamp, with a brief description of its color, photometric Characteristics, electrical characteristics, and of the engineering possibilities of a combination of the two arcs.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Frank Benford"
      },
      {
        "name": "L. J. Buttolph"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00762",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Visible Radiation from the Neon Hot Cathode Arc",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00762",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00762",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1010–1021",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "At the suggestion of Mr. Will Hays, President of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc., the Nastman Kodak Company recently arranged to coöperate with the American College of Surgeons in the production of a series of educational motion pictures of medical and surgical subjects.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Clifton Tuttle"
      },
      {
        "name": "C. A. Morrison"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00763",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Some Preliminary Experiments in Medical Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00763",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00763",
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    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1022–1033",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The purpose of this brief paper is that it may serve as a reminder of some features characteristic of a projection system embodying two projection objectives, with a single source of light, and having twin apertures so arranged that two adjacent frames are projected simultaneously.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "George Lane"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00764",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "A Projector for Stereo, Color and Standard Films",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00764",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00764",
    "issn": {
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1034–1039",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/12/36/20/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "So far as the author has been able to ascertain there are no published data which the designer or operator of motion picture printers can use in the selection of a light source suited to his particular needs. The choice of the lamp and the provision of means for controlling its intensity are usually considered as individual problems for each printer. In this paper quantitative data relative to the printing intensity of several lamps will be presented and several methods of intensity variation will be considered.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Clifton Tuttle"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00765",
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    "docTitle": "Illumination in Motion Picture Printing",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00765",
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    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1040–1053",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "In the manipulation of photographic materials the provision of satisfactory darkroom illumination is of vital importance. This illumination must be of such intensity and quality that a negligible amount of fog is produced when these materials are exposed to its action for the time required to perform the necessary operations on the material. At the same time it is desirable that the illumination be of sufficient intensity and quality so that the operator may work with comfort and certainty. In the earlier days of relatively low-speed materials sensitive only to the blue and blue-green, the problem of illuminating the darkroom was a relatively simple one. These materials could be manipulated under relatively high levels of red illumination without danger of producing objectionable fog. Satisfactory seeing was obtainable with illumination levels adjusted so that the time to produce a perceptible fog was several times as long as that required for the manipulation of the materials. Under these conditions the precise measurement of darkroom illumination was not of great importance since the allowable latitude in intensity was relatively great. With the advent of the high-speed materials sensitive to all wavelengths of the visible spectrum, this problem of providing satisfactory illumination in the darkrooms has assumed greater importance and more and more difficulty has been met in obtaining a darkroom illumination which is satisfactory from the standpoint of both photographic safety and visual requirements. It is necessary to use the maximum allowable illumination which can be tolerated without producing perceptible fog so that the operator may see as much detail as possible. This means that the variation in illumination which can be tolerated is very small and hence a method of measuring these illumination levels with relatively high precision is very desirable. Practically all of the portable photometers and illuminometers on the market are designed specifically for measuring illuminations of relatively high value, such as exist in offices and factories illuminated by natural and artificial means. While these instruments are very satisfactory for this purpose, they do not, in general, function satisfactorily when an attempt is made to use them in darkrooms illuminated for the manipulation of modern high-speed panchromatic materials. The instrument described in this paper was constructed specifically to meet these special requirements of dark room photometry and in its design careful consideration was given to those fundamental visual characteristics which determine the precision with which photometric readings can be made.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Loyd A. Jones"
      },
      {
        "name": "E. M. Lowry"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00766",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "A PHOTOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LOW ILLUMINATIONS",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00766",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00766",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1054–1062",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Heat absorbing glass of a bluish green color has been employed in projection apparatus to remove the invisible heat radiation to a greater extent than the visible. Some of its properties have already been described before this Society.<sup>1</sup>",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. P. Gage"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00767",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Heat Absorbing Glass",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00767",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00767",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1063–1067",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/12/36/23/",
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      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "12",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The elimination of the intermittent motion of motion picture film during projection is conceded by nearly everyone to be a most desirable thing. Particularly is this true with the advent of the new era we are entering—that of talking movies, color movies, home movies and probably a combination of these three.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. F. Leventhal"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00768",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "A New Optical Compensator",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00768",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00768",
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      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1068–1075",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "12",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "In Making a series of motion pictures of flowers growing and opening one must have an enormous amount of patience, a love of the subject, and a good outfit that can be handled quickly and is absolutely rigid.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "A. C. Pillsbury"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00769",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Plant Life through the Lens and Microscope",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00769",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00769",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1076–1082",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "12",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Two years ago the Department of Tropical Research of the New York Zoological Society planned and carried out a trip to the Bay of Gonave in Haiti for the purpose of studying the fishes of those waters and the life of the coral reefs. Mr. William Beebe, the director of the Expedition, wished to have a permanent record made of the life on the reefs in a form which could be presented to the public. He therefore decided to equip the expedition for taking undersea motion pictures. As the funds available were limited it was necessary to use as simple and inexpensive an outfit as could be devised. On the suggestion of the writer, who accompanied the expedition as cinematographer, a watertight box was designed by Mr. Beebe and Mr. Tee-Van to accommodate a spring-driven camera.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Floyd D. Crosby"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00770",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Undersea Motion Picture Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00770",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00770",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1083–1087",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/12/36/26/",
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      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "12",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "It is indisputably of great advantage to have an automatic focusing mechanism on title, cartoon and trick cameras. Such a device would be generally appreciated in making certain types of shots in the studio. An auto-focus mechanism relieves the cameraman of the necessity for watching and adjusting the focus of the lens whenever the field is changed. The results obtained in making approach shots are better where the focusing operation is performed mechanically rather than manually. Focusing adjustments are purely mechanical operations and there is no reason to suppose that they cannot be performed by a machine. Experience with several different types of auto-focus devices have proved their practicability.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. A. Norling"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00771",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Automatic Focusing Devices for Title and Cartoon Cameras",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00771",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00771",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1088–1092",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/12/36/27/",
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    },
    "volume": "12",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The horizontal tray type of continuous processing machine for motion picture film has been accepted as offering very great advantages in accessibility and ease of inspection.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. J. Jamieson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00772",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "A Horizontal Tray Type of Continuous Processing Machine",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00772",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00772",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1093–1095",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/12/36/28/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "12",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Developer fog on a plate or film consists of a veil of silver deposited especially on those portions which received little or no exposure and which adds more or less to the total density of the developed image. The appearance of this fog acts as a limiting factor in the time of development, and often interferes with shadow detail. In spite of its importance in practical photography, very little really definite information on the subject exists in the literature.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Merle L. Dundon"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00773",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "The Fogging Properties of Developers",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00773",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00773",
    "issn": {
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1096–1114",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Designed as a super-toy, the sixteen millimeter or amateur standard motion picture has become a force with which we must reckon in more serious fields. There can be but little doubt that the educational film, whose advent is inevitable, will be in this size. Experience has already shown that this film is the logical one for commercial, industrial and publicity purposes. More recently, students and scientists have turned toward this film only to be discouraged by the lack of refinement which is noticeable in the equipment at present available. This lack is one which is quite natural; in fact, the available equipment is of far better quality than might be expected in view of the fact that this width has been in use for only a few years.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Herbert C. McKay"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00774",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Future Developments in the Sixteen Millimeter Field",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00774",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00774",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1115–1120",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "12",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The progress being made in some of the color processes and the revival of interest in the talking pictures, have elicited the statement from many sources that “the next step forward is stereoscopic motion pictures”, which will complete the system of reproducing artificially, all of the elements of dramatic art, i. e., speech, action, form, color and solidity.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Lewis W. Physioc"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00775",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Applicability of Stereoscopy to Motion Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00775",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00775",
    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1121–1127",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Mr. Taylor: Some one intimated to me the other day that I did not give the impression I intended in being critical of loud speaker quality. I have nothing but admiration for the accomplishments of the loud speaker since the time of radio broadcasting, but the difference is great between what we have now and the time of the original train announcing loud speakers. You may recall how unintelligible many of those were; you must admit that great advances have been made.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00776",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, September 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Open Forum",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00776",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00776",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "1128–1141",
    "publicationDate": "1928-09-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "The past year has been a notable one in the history of our Society. Of the several things which have taken place, perhaps the most outstanding one was the Spring Convention in Hollywood.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "Mr. Porter: At the Board of Governors' meeting of May 22, 1928, Mr. Louis Lumibre was recommended for honorary membership in the Society. Many of you are familiar with his work on photography and color photography, since he is a man of international fame. Recommendation for honorary membership must be ratified by the Society. I therefore propose this to you.",
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    "abstract": "The securing of advertisements for the Transactions is getting more and more difficult. Conditions in the industry have changed considerably due to mergers, etc. If our members will make a personal appeal to concerns in the industry it will assist us greatly.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the past six months the Papers and publications Committees have continued to function as a unit. Your Chairman regrets, however, that owing to other demands on his time he will not be in a position to continue with the work, but wishes to express his appreciation for the assistance rendered by the various committee members, and especially to Mr. C. E. Ives and Mr. G. E. Matthews of the Eastman Research Laboratories for their untiring efforts in the preparation of abstracts of papers, the organization of manuscripts, and the correction of proof matter.",
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    "abstract": "The following apparatus was described during the session devoted to announcements of new apparatus by manufacturers.",
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    "abstract": "This investigation was first planned and put into operation by Mr. Courtland Smith and Mr. Pettijohn of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc., and may be considered in part as related to an investigation which is still going on as to the value of certain methods of processing or treating a positive print for the purpose of adding to the life of the film and increasing its resistance to scratching and wear and tear.",
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    "abstract": "In 1893, Mr. C. Francis Jenkins by his invention, the phantoscope, gave the world something entirely new; with this machine pictures in motion were projected on a screen. He gave a number of private exhibitions, but the first public exhibition of motion pictures ever presented in America was in 1895 with Jenkins’ invention at the Cotton States Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia.",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "In the field of stereoscopic reproduction in motion pictures there seems to be very little if any hope of development. The obstacles seem insurmountable. Briefly stated, the difficulty lies in the fact that we see things stereoscopically because we have two eyes. Each eye sees a different view, and it is the fusing of these two different views into one view that gives us the effect of depth. Now, in order to get the effect of depth in motion pictures, it is necessary to simultaneously project two different views, one view of which is visible only to the right eye, and the other to the left eye. It is obvious that with the naked eyes, each eye will see both views. There does not seem to be any way to show two views at once and have the eyes receive them selectively if we look without the aid of special apparatus. It has long been known, however, that stereoscopic motion pictures could be shown if each observer was supplied with a viewing instrument which made it possible for the right eye to see the right eye picture, and the left eye the left.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. F. Leventhal"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00789",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The First Use of Stereoscopic Pictures in Motion Picture Theatres",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00789",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00789",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "34–36",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "10",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "The Developing of 35 mm. positive film, and of 16 mm. reversal film is being accomplished with continuous processing machinery. That the tendency to employ mechanical means is increasing is shown by the patent literature in which a recent application describes a continuous apparatus for handling roll film.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "K. Hickman"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00790",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Syphons and Measuring Devices for Photographic Solutions",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00790",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00790",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "37–47",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/11/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "The Experiences of the United States Department of Agriculture in the production, distribution, and exhibition of educational motion pictures have been of such magnitude that they may offer a measuring stick by which the future development of films of this type may be judged.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Fred W. Perkins"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00791",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "A Twelve-Year Trial of Educational Films",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00791",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00791",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "48–54",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/12/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "Approximately thirty years ago the birth of the motion picture may be said to have occurred. Newspapers at that time describing the invention, which was exhibited in the Marlborough Hall of the Polytechnic in Regent Street, London, spoke of it as “A contrivance by which a real scene of life and movement may be produced before an audience in a life-size picture.”",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Raymond S. Peck"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00792",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Use of Motion Pictures for Governmental Purposes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00792",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00792",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "55–60",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/13/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "Motion pictures are about as modern as the Bureau of Standards; both are twentieth century products. As an organized branch of engineering yours is ten years old, the youngest of the family. In 1900, motion picture photography was still in days of hit or miss. Progress in measured control has brought us a developed art. The new motion picture which will add color, stereo-relief, and sounds will be-highly complex in its technical aspects. Standardization and measured control will then more than ever be indispensable; in fact, the trend in all industry today is toward complete measured control standardization.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "George K. Burgess"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00793",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The National Bureau of Standards and Its Possible Technical Relations to the Motion Picture Industry",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00793",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00793",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "61–69",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/14/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "In A motion picture laboratory, the fixing bath for positive film is usually discarded after fixing approximately 1000 feet of film per gallon of solution. Such a bath will contain a little more than an ounce of silver per gallon, which at the present market price is worth about $0.65. The exhausted fixing bath, may, therefore, contain about $0.75 worth of silver per gallon; in other words, for each million feet of positive film processed, about $750.00 worth of silver is lost in the fixing bath.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. F. Ross"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00794",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Silver Recovery from Exhausted Fixing Bath",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00794",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00794",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "70–84",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/15/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "It Has been suggested that the Society of Motion Picture Engineers might be interested in my experiences in handling motion picture film under various climatic conditions; namely, those I encountered during the time I spent in the North making “Nanook of the North” and during the past two years making “Moana” in the South Seas. We shall not have proceeded very far with this paper before you will understand that my experiences are those of one who has had no technical training and whose entire experience has been gained outside of the laboratories and studios of the motion picture industry. However, it is to be hoped that that which follows may to some extent be illuminating.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Robert J. Flaherty"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00795",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Handling of Motion Picture Film under Various Climatic Conditions",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00795",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00795",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "85–93",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/16/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "The Manufacturers of tungsten filament lamps are being asked why they are not used to a greater extent for lighting motion picture studios. The idly curious wonder why ordinary stage lighting methods cannot be used and why stage lighting effects cannot be obtained in the “movies.” The picture producing engineers want to improve the quality of their pictures and reduce their producing costs and they wish to know if tungsten lamps will help.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. W. Beggs"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00796",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Lighting by Tungsten Filament Incandescent Electric Lamps for Motion Picture Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00796",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00796",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "94–106",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/17/",
    "status": {
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    },
    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "The Problem of building a theatre involves a multitude of factors which are germane to the ultimate results. Consequently, it is important that due and proper consideration be given to the various factors, and especially to those which are of the most importance.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. Robins Burroughs"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00797",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Pointers on Theatre Design and Construction",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00797",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00797",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "107–110",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/18/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "The Inspection of film during development is often desirable even though the time and temperature method can be used to produce negatives of a definite development contrast or gamma. Especially in the case of motion picture film, where only one positive material is used for printing all scenes, the production of negatives of fixed density contrast is desirable. In order to obtain this result, the time of development must be varied according to the contrast of the original subject. Also, in ordinary photography, freedom of inspection during development may be of great assistance in obtaining the particular results desired.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "M. L. Dundon"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00798",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Investigations on Photographic Developers: Part III the Effect of Desensitizers in Development",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00798",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00798",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "111–142",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/19/",
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    "volume": "10",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "Because the motion picture film cannot be retouched or altered after taking, the cameraman must rely solely on his instrument for the finished effect. Apart from composition, his control is limited to lighting and exposure, each of these requiring careful study and long experience for skillful handling.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Harry Fischbeck"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00799",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Lighting and the Cameraman",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00799",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00799",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "143–146",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/26/20/",
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    "volume": "10",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Trans. SMPE",
    "contentType": "advert",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1928"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J007IVIIIA",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 12, Issue: 36, 1928)",
    "docTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Advertisement",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J007IVIIIA",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J007IVIIIA",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "number": "36",
    "pages": "I–VIII",
    "publicationDate": "1928-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "12",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "With the rapidly growing importance of motion pictures as a means of disseminating information among farmers, the Office of Motion Pictures of the Department of Agriculture has for some time felt the necessity for providing means of making motion pictures of such natural processes as seed germination, mould formation, plant growth, the development of plant and tree diseases and the like-processes that are too slow to be photographed by hand cranking. Some work of this type was done by hand, using the stopmotion crank, but the obvious limitations of this method made it impracticable. The first machine, as far as this office is concerned, for doing the work automatically was built by Mr. George Georgens, in charge of the laboratory of this office. Lack of time and facilities, however, interfered with carrying this experiment to a conclusion.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Howard Green"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00800",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Apparatus for Time Lapse Motion Picture Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00800",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00800",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "147–151",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "abstract": "Within the knowledge of your committee this is the first occasion on which the Papers and Publications Committees have been combined. Previous to the term of President Jones, President Porter recommended a combination of the two committees, and this recommendation was adopted by the Board of Governors. President Jones, however, requested a reversal of this decision, and during his term of office the two committees functioned separately.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      },
      {
        "name": "C. E. Egeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "L. A. Jones"
      },
      {
        "name": "L. C. Porter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Wm. F. Little"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. C. Kroesen"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. A. Summers"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00801",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 26, May 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Report of Papers and Publications Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00801",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00801",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "26",
    "pages": "152–155",
    "publicationDate": "1926-05-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In the past, producers and broadcasters of television programs had few choices in regard to the quality of the image that was to be displayed on the viewer's screen. The choice of tape or film made little difference, as they were constrained by the 525-line NTSC standard, with its well-known impairments, and the images were displayed on a low-resolution kinescope at the transmitted scan standard. Introduction of cable systems extended the broadcaster's reach, and later opened up new markets for programs but did not change the situation. The more recent use of satellites for network distribution adds new dimensions of coverage and immediacy, but with only small changes to the image quality. The arrival of ¾-in. ENG equipment further degraded image quality.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Guy Gougeon, Vice-President, Engineering, Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Canada.",
        "name": "Guy Gougeon"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00802",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "Image Quality — A Time for Decisions",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00802",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00802",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "4–5",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "contentType": "toc",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J008022",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, 1984)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J008022",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J008022",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "2–2",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "editorial",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J008023",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, 1984)",
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    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J008023",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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      "country": "USA"
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      "active": true
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
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    "pages": "C1–C1",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abstract": "Eastman Kodak Co. conducted a survey to evaluate the picture quality of film through the newer generation of CCD and flying-spot telecines. In all cases, the telecines produced good quality. However, operators expressed a need for suitable and easy-to-use alignment materials for telecines and monitors. This article describes a Telecine Analysis Film (TAF) and the Eastman Color Monitor Analyzer (ECMA), developed to meet this need.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Kenneth G. Lisk, John P. Pytlak, and Henry A. Barrett, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "Kenneth G. Lisk"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Kenneth G. Lisk, John P. Pytlak, and Henry A. Barrett, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "John P. Pytlak"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Kenneth G. Lisk, John P. Pytlak, and Henry A. Barrett, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY.",
        "name": "Henry A. Barrett"
      }
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00803",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "New Tools for Improved Telecine Quality",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00803",
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    "pages": "6–13",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article relates some of the author's experiences in making a stereoscopic film for the National Film Board of Canada, and describes some of the advantages of the IMAX method of 3-D transmission. Different aspects of 3-D filming are discussed, relating to the way in which the eye perceives the image. The author describes the experimental IMAX theater jointly set up by IMAX and the NFB to try to solve some of the problems related to 3-D, and gives a brief description of the OMNIMAX 3-D dome theater and its applications to future computer-generated 3-D effects.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Colin Low, National Film Board of Canada, Montreal. This article was received July 29, 1983.",
        "name": "Colin Low"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00804",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "Large Screen 3-D: Aesthetic and Technical Considerations",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00804",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00804",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "14–16",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/93/1/15/",
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    },
    "volume": "93",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The all-digital television studio will be welcomed for its inherently lower distortion of the picture and the potential for increasingly sophisticated picture processing. This article examines the impact of the digital approach on the key elements of the studio, and develops some possible system designs and interconnection schemes appropriate for this major advancement in television technology.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Kenneth P. Davies, Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Canada. This article was received March 25, 1983.",
        "name": "Kenneth P. Davies"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00805",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "Some Concepts for the Digital Television Studio",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00805",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00805",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "18–23",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/93/1/14/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The very large number of “small business” and “home” microcomputers now available means that they are being increasingly applied to performing specific tasks in the engineering environment. The engineer responsible for obtaining suitable software and hardware may have only limited experience with one particular microcomputer. Guidelines are given to determine the suitability of a given design for a given project, and on how to maintain control over the development of the software.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "M. W. S. Barlow, Supervising Engineer, Studio Systems Dept., Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Canada.",
        "name": "M. W. S. Barlow"
      }
    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00806",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "The Evaluation of Small Project Software",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00806",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00806",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "24–25",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/93/1/18/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article is an elementary tutorial. The microprocessor is characterized as a collection of logic functions, any one of which may be invoked at any one time. Coupled with a counter and some memory, it can perform a long sequence of logic functions called a program. It is therefore applicable as the major element in machine control logic. Some terms from computer jargon are defined in everyday words and by easily grasped analogy, and hints are offered to ease the task of troubleshooting.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "E. Stanley Busby, Ampex Corp., Redwood City, CA. This article was received on February 5, 1983. It also appears in Video Pictures of the Future , published 1983, SMPTE.",
        "name": "E. Stanley Busby"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00807",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "How Not to be Frightened by Microprocessors",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00807",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00807",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "26–29",
    "publicationDate": "1984-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/93/1/19/",
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    "abstract": "Digital devices used for captioning, switching, video effects, and automation have enhanced the capabilities of TV stations and production houses. However, a typical system doesn't have the ability to trace faults to a single circuit board, let alone attribute the fault to the defective circuit. Presently, systems are repaired by swapping circuit boards with the manufacturer, and downtime is measured in days or weeks. Simple, cost-effective diagnostics can be built into any system. This article presents an overview of the problem and advocates the adoption of Signature Analysis (SA) as the diagnostic method of choice.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Roy H. Trumbull, KRON-TV, San Francisco, CA. This article was received February 3, 1983, and also appeared in Video Pictures of the Future , published 1983, SMPTE.",
        "name": "Roy H. Trumbull"
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    "docTitle": "Digital Diagnostics: The Key to System Performance",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "30–34",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article discusses the inherent production problems arising when an actor or speaker is addressing an audience (the camera lens) and delivering long passages of dialogue. These problems are more difficult when the language is highly technical in nature and must be word-perfect. If the speaker attempts to memorize the script, many flubs can be expected, resulting in expensive and time-consuming re-takes while the speaker grows increasingly more tense and his delivery suffers. The use of cue cards prevents head close-ups, as it is apparent to the viewing audience that the speaker is looking to one side.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Roy Zeper, Creative Film Productions, Clearwater, FL. This article was received on December 9, 1982.",
        "name": "Roy Zeper"
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00809",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "35–38",
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1984"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00810",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE's 18th Annual TV Conference February 10–11, 1984, Montreal",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00810",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00810",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00817",
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    "docTitle": "American National Standard for Motion-Picture Film (16-mm)–100-mil Magnetic Audio Record",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00818",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Recommended Practices: Dimensions of Photographic Control and Data Record on 16-mm Motion-Picture Film",
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    "abstract": "It is Almost a tradition that when our Society holds a technical conference in Los Angeles, the President includes in his opening remarks some comments about Hollywood, the state of the industry, what technology did for it yesterday, and what technology promises to do tomorrow. I have had so many requests to consider this in depth, that I shall do just that. I do this, not because I believe areas of interest other than the motion-picture industry are less important, but because I think the question of whether or not Hollywood can survive as an entity is of over-riding importance at this time and in this place. And it seems somehow appropriate that I should do this, because it was the motion-picture industry that gave birth to this Society way back in 1916.",
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    "abstract": "Color and color changes of the skin and other body tissues can reveal important medical diagnostic information. The relevant color effects are sometimes so small that they are at or below the threshold of the color discriminating power of the eye. In particular this applies to skin color changes due to peripheral blood-flow. A system for expanded display of small color differences employing color television techniques is described. In the case of color effects due to peripheral bloodflow, a sixfold expansion of skin color changes appears to be feasible, yielding great improvement of diagnostic procedures. Design considerations for the system are presented and experimental results are described.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Binocular three-dimensional (3D) techniques and their application to television are discussed. Of the several possible implementations described, some require special viewing glasses; others do not. Quantitative physiological and geometric criteria of 3D TV system design are summarized from the viewpoint of minimizing viewer eye strain and maximizing display realism. Included are specifications for allowable display depth range, depth resolution and the interaction between camera and display parameters. A generalized analysis of 3D displays not requiring special glasses shows that their applicability is very limited, leading to the final conclusion that 3D TV for general home application must be based on special viewing glasses.",
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    "docTitle": "Principles of Binocular 3D Displays with Applications to Television",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00821",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
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    "pages": "539–544",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new video gain-control circuit having both fade-control and keying functions has been developed. An amplifier using this single gain-control circuit can mix, wipe and fade-key, so that there is no need of color subcarrier phase alignment upon functional selection. The amplifier using the gain-control circuit exhibits an outstanding performance when used in a color composite signal switching system, since the sync and color burst can always pass through the amplifier at a constant level without by-passing.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc., Engineering Dept., Akasaka 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan",
        "name": "H. Naitoh"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc., Engineering Dept., Akasaka 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan",
        "name": "Y. Itoh"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 10, 1-chome, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 138, Japan.",
        "name": "T. Imai"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 10, 1-chome, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 138, Japan.",
        "name": "K. Saitoh"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 10, 1-chome, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 138, Japan.",
        "name": "J. Hirate"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 10, 1-chome, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 138, Japan.",
        "name": "T. Utsuki"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1971"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00822",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 80, Issue: 7, July 1971)",
    "docTitle": "A Mixer-Keyer Amplifier for Color Television",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00822",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00822",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "545–551",
    "publicationDate": "1971-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The tendency of TV broadcasters to rely increasingly upon videotape record/ playback equipment to solve the complex problems of daily program operations as well as generation of specially assembled program material creates new performance requirements for the equipment, particularly in the area of servo systems. The new performance requirements are described, such as improved stability of the record servo system for high-quality recordings, increased dynamic range and correction bandwidth of the pixlock servo, and ability to cope with nonsynchronously switched recording intervals with minimum visible playback disturbance. The advent of new circuit techniques and system design philosophies such as the utilization of digital process control, digital servo error detection and a high-efficiency “hybrid” power amplifier has enabled the design of a new capstan and headwheel servo system which meets the above-mentioned requirements.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Corp., Bldg. 13-4-2, Commercial Electronic Systems Div., Camden, NJ 08102.",
        "name": "Koichi Sadashige"
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    "docTitle": "New Performance Criteria for Quadruplex Recorder Servo Systems",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00823",
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    "number": "7",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Because direct photographing of the precipitation growth processes is thwarted by the scattered light of cloud droplets and the immense scale over which these processes occur, to obtain photographic evidence of precipitation growth, cloud conditions have been modeled in a laboratory. A large vertical wind tunnel has been used to support thousands of drops in an updraft. To optimize the conditions, a high-speed camera and a lens affording a high degree of variability were selected. To obtain a sharp boundary definition, drops were silhouetted against a frosted glass illuminated from behind with a medium floodlight. A very narrow spotlight was situated 100 degrees from the camera to illuminate the drops being photographed. Most events were filmed at approximately 2.5 m with either a 90, 100 or 120 mm lens at framing rates of 500 frames/s to 4000 frames/s depending on the requirements of the interactions.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "State University of New York, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12203. John D. Spengler is presently at Harvard University, Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Cambridge, Mass.",
        "name": "John D. Spengler"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "State University of New York, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12203. John D. Spengler is presently at Harvard University, Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Cambridge, Mass.",
        "name": "Narayan R. Gokhale"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00824",
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    "docTitle": "Investigating Freely Suspended Water-Drop Interactions with High-Speed Photography",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "557–558",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Gevacolor Print Film, Type 9.85, is a conventionally designed color positive film with each of the three light-sensitive layers containing an appropriate dye coupler. Exceptional sharpness and excellent color saturation, achieved by very stringent selection of the various dye couplers, combined with extremely thin emulsion layers make the film especially suitable for small formats. Processing is based on a commercially available color developer which uses 2-amino-5-diethylaminotoluene monohydrochloride. This film can be processed together with other similar color print films using exactly the same processing methods, solutions and processing times without causing any contamination whatsoever.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Agfa-Gevaert N.V., 2510-Mortsel (Antwerp), Belgium",
        "name": "R. G. L. Verbrugghe"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Agfa-Gevaert N.V., 2510-Mortsel (Antwerp), Belgium",
        "name": "W. A. Seys"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Agfa-Gevaert Inc., 275 North St., Teterboro, NJ 07608.",
        "name": "R. A. Eynard"
      }
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1971"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00825",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 80, Issue: 7, July 1971)",
    "docTitle": "A New Color-Print Film for Universal Applications in Color Printing and Processing Systems",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00825",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "559–563",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Removable jet-black backing, commonly referred to as rem jet, is coated on the support side of many color films to absorb any light that is not absorbed by the emulsion and support layers during the photographic exposure. Without rem jet, some light would be reflected at the support-air interface. This reflected light could expose additional silver halide in the emulsion, giving rise to halation. The backing also provides antistatic protection, some lubricity and some protection from scratches. Rem jet is a dispersion of carbon black in a polymeric binder, a dibasic half ester of cellulose acetate. On passing through solubilizing solutions at pH values above 8, the polymer becomes soluble in water and this property is utilized to remove the rem jet in processing. Also important is the suppression of solubility by a high concentration of salts. Backing removal includes submerging the film in an alkaline solution of high salt content, rinsing with water, and buffing away the remaining rem jet. Chemicals and water with few impurities must be used, and rem jet must be removed carefully and completely at the proper point in the process. A particular rem-jet-removal system that is in general use is discussed in detail because it has many necessary and desirable general characteristics. Several other proven rem-jet-removal systems are discussed briefly. A new approach to rem-jet-removal equipment is also discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Photographic Technology Div., Kodak Park, Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "Charleton C. Bard"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Photographic Technology Div., Kodak Park, Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "James E. Dunn"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1971"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00826",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 80, Issue: 7, July 1971)",
    "docTitle": "Jet Antihalation Backing and Its Removal from Films during Processing",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00826",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00826",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "564–569",
    "publicationDate": "1971-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/80/7/11/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The use of xanthan gum has been found superior to poly-(methyl vinyl ether/ maleic anhydride) in the Eastman soundtrack developer.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Laboratory Div., United Films Corp., Inc., 1425 S. Main, Tulsa, OK 74119.",
        "name": "J. H. Bennett"
      }
    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1971"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00827",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 80, Issue: 7, July 1971)",
    "docTitle": "On the Use of Xanthan Gum in Eastman Color Soundtrack Developer",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00827",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00827",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "569–570",
    "publicationDate": "1971-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/3/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A complete motion-picture studio has been built as one fully integrated self-sufficient facility for the conception, production and presentation of motion pictures. Preproduction facilities include a design hall for lectures and scenic design presentation, libraries, offices and storage space. Production facilities include three film soundstages, two TV stages, three film-loading rooms, equipment checkout and maintenance spaces, a complete animation studio, special-effects and insert photography rooms and rehearsal halls. Postproduction facilities include 26 editing rooms, ten videotape editing rooms, two sound-transfer rooms, four daily screening rooms, two theaters, a rerecording and dubbing studio, a titles-opticals-printing room, three still photography darkrooms, two negative-handling rooms and vault storage. The soundstages are isolated from one another by six inches of concrete on all sides. Power can be divided equally between three stages, or diverted entirely to one for special heavy lighting requirements. Equipment and production facilities which can be used at this studio, located at UCLA, are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "American Film Inst., 501 Doheny Rd., Beverly Hills, CA 90210.",
        "name": "Gary Essert"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00840",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "A Total-Concept Facility for Teaching Motion Pictures and Television",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00840",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00840",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1071–1074",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/5/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J10660"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In 1969 There were Created in France an Official Film Archives for the storage and preservation of significant or important films, instituted by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. The Archive is located at the National Center for Cinematography whose general director, L. Astroux, has placed great importance upon the prominent part the Archives may fulfill not only for cinema but also for television films. This marked the culmination of ten years effort to adapt the vacant property of the Bois d'Arcy Fort, turnrd over by the Ministry of the Army.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Chief of Service of the Film Archives, Centre National de la Cinématographie, 78 Bois D'Arcy, Fontenay-le-Flcury, France.",
        "name": "Jean Vivié"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Chief of Service of the Film Archives, Centre National de la Cinématographie, 78 Bois D'Arcy, Fontenay-le-Flcury, France.",
        "name": "Pierre Mertz"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00841",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "The French National Film Archives",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00841",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00841",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1075–1077",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/6/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Of all the major international broadcasting organizations in the world, the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. is probably the only one which has no 35mm film facilities. The reasons for this decision 20 years ago were many and they made good economic sense — but they also posed many problems. Equipment was substandard when compared with 35mm; while film stocks were adequate, they were the same emulsions as 35mm material. But gradually they were improved to the point where, today, the available equipment, facilities and materials are completely professional. When the CBC converted to color in 1966, the cost saving of 16mm film production when compared to 35mm production was even more pronounced, and the quality was first class.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Box 500, Station A, Toronto 116, Ontario.",
        "name": "John Lant"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00842",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "16mm Film Program Production for Television",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00842",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00842",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1078–1079",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
      "bibliographic": [
        "10.5594-J10868",
        "orphan/10.5594-J00842/bibr2-10.5594_J00842"
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      "normative": []
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/7/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencesResolved": {
      "bibliographic": [
        {
          "id": "10.5594-J10868"
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        {
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    },
    "referenceTree": [
      "10.5594-J10868",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The apparent economic advantages of changing from 35mm to 16mm are evaluated in relation to quality of picture and sound. Also considered are the human and economic factors of converting to 16mm equipment.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Quality Control and Research and Development, CBS Television Network, CBS Studio Center, 4024 Radford Ave., North Hollywood, CA 91604.",
        "name": "Eliot Bliss"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00843",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "16mm versus 35mm Film for Television Production",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00843",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00843",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1080–1081",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/8/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Basic standards are derived by pioneers in the field and the resulting documents become part of the foundation of the industry. As the industry matures, however, there is a tendency for the original reasoning behind these standards to be lost or dimmed with time, resulting in loss of respect for certain standards. In the videotape-recording industry, this is most notable in penetration, because of the ease with which the standard may be violated, the lack of immediate dire consequences from its violation, and the superficial advantages which accrue from under-penetration. The technical basis for the SMPTE Recommended Practice which specifies vacuum guide radius and position (hence, penetration), is described and the critical need for adhering strictly to this specification is emphasized. The reasoning behind other standards of the VTR industry, and how the industry benefits from careful respect for these standards, is reviewed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Electronic Recording Equipment Engineering, Communications Systems Division, RCA Corp., Camden, NJ 08102.",
        "name": "R. N. Hurst"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00844",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Standardization in Quadruplex Television Tape Recording",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00844",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00844",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1082–1084",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/9/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Since the publication of Proposed Recommended Practice RP 41,* “Color and Luminance of Review Room Screens Used for l6mm Color Television Prints,” many inquiries have been received for more detailed information regarding the reasons the RP was adopted and whether it entails a change in operating techniques. Following is a review of the background relative to color balance of film and a discussion of the relationship between projection screening and television reproduction.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "K. Blair Benson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00845",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Color Television Film Viewing and Transmission Practices",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00845",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00845",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1085–1085",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/10/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J05692"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This Paper is an Informal progress report of the SMPTE Subcommittee on Video Tape and Audio Time Control Codes.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "SMPTE Subcommittee on Video Tape and Time Control Codes, c/o CBS Television Network, 51 West 52 St., New York, NY 10019.",
        "name": "Ellis K. Dahlin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00846",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Standardization for Time and Control Code for Video Tape and Audio Recorders",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00846",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00846",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1086–1088",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/11/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J05770",
      "10.5594-J07586",
      "10.5594-J07601",
      "10.5594-J10649",
      "10.5594-J13434",
      "10.5594-J13499"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "When Users of helical recording equipment come together to exchange experiences, no matter what the situation — formal or informal — the most frequently voiced concern goes something like this: “We are using our machines constantly; they are valuable assets. But, when will there be some standards? I receive tapes from outside and I can't play them. Other people tell me that they can't play my tapes. Requests come to us for copies of our recordings but we can't supply them in the format requested. Why doesn't someone do something about it?”",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "SMPTE Subcommittee on Helical Recording, c/o The University of Michigan Television Center, 310 Maynard, Ann Arbor, MI 48108.",
        "name": "Frederick M. Remley"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00847",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Activities of the Helical Recording Subcommittee of the Video Tape Recording Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00847",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00847",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1089–1090",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/12/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The following standard, promulgated by the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (EIAJ) is presented here for informational purposes. The contents of the paper deal with the specifications of a format for helical video tape recorders making use of 1/2-in magnetic tape. The format is commonly referred to as EIAJ Type I. Equipment making use of this format is currently available in the United States, Canada, Japan and elsewhere but the English language version of the EIAJ standard has only recently become available. It is important to note that, although the contents of the EIAJ Type I format specifications are now under study by the Helical Recording Subcommittee of the SMPTE Video Tape Recording Committee, the publication here of the EIAJ document does not imply approval of its technical content by SMPTE or ANSI. Rather, it is hoped that publication will provide useful information to users of such recording equipment.—Frederick M. Remley, Jr., Chairman, SMPTE Helical Recording Subcommittee of the Videotape Committee.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Chairman, VTR Committee, Electronic Engineering Council, Electronic Industries Assn., of Japan, 3–14, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshio Sawaji"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00848",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "EIAJ Standards for ½-in Videotape Recorders",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00848",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00848",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1091–1093",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/13/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Present-day television equipment limitations and viewing conditions impose different and more stringent color balance requirements upon the production of color film for use in this media than for use in theatrical presentation. Furthermore, the electronic processes provide additional steps where, depending upon the control used, either errors in color balance can be introduced, or some corrections for shortcomings in film can be made.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "K. Blair Benson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00849",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "The BKSTS Reference Leader Picture",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00849",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00849",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1094–1094",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/14/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "79",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "THIS PAPER explains the technical reasons behind the picture-design adopted for the BKSTS reference leader picture, intended to assist the objective and subjective colour balance control of 16 mm and 35 mm prints in both the film laboratory and the television studio. Four frames of the standard negative are inserted in the leader at the colour reference position of each cut negative roll and the whole roll is then graded to look consistent with the leader picture. The leader picture later helps the telecine operator to adjust the colour balance of his machine. The original test scene was constructed of specified materials and special care was taken to ensure that the 16 mm version had a grey area big enough for easy routine densitometry. Both 16 mm and 35 mm negatives are available as the BKSTS Girl No. 1 (5254) and BKSTS Girl No. 2 (7254), and prints are available graded to Status A neutrality on the Control Square.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Ray E. Knight"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00850",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "The BKSTS Reference Leader Picture",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00850",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00850",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1095–1099",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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        "orphan/10.5594-J00850/bibr3-10.5594_J00850"
      ],
      "normative": []
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/79/12/15/",
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    "volume": "79",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "content-announce",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00851",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 12, December 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Standards and Recommended Practices",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00851",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00851",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1100–1100",
    "publicationDate": "1970-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    },
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    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Willard B. Cook"
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      {
        "name": "L. A. Jones"
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    "number": "28",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "Since the publication in 1920 of a paper by one of the present authors and Milton Fillius,<sup>1</sup> a large amount of data relative to screen surfaces now being manufactured has been gathered by this laboratory. This work was done largely in response to the urgent request of Mr. F. H. Richardson who assisted materially in the collection of samples from the various screen manufacturers. These data have already been published in part by Mr. Richardson in his “Handbook of Projection” and in the columns of the Moving Picture World.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Loyd A. Jones"
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      {
        "name": "Clifton Tuttle"
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    "docTitle": "Reflection Characteristics of Projection Screens",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00869",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "The attempt to combine the microscope with the motion picture camera introduces many technical difficulties about which very little has been written. The result is that this branch of photography has been left largely to a few specialists who have had the technical knowledge and the enthusiasm to work out the details—each for himself. Yet the principles, involved may be readily grasped and there is no reason why any serious worker, with a little patient application, should not be successful from the very start.",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "George E. Stone"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00870",
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    "docTitle": "Motion Photomicrography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00870",
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    "number": "28",
    "pages": "196–222",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "The making of a first class duplicate negative calls for greater skill and makes greater demands upon the materials than appears at first sight.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. G. Capstaff"
      },
      {
        "name": "M. W. Seymour"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00871",
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    "docTitle": "The Duplication of Motion Picture Negatives",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00871",
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    "number": "28",
    "pages": "223–229",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "Some wise “gent” once said: “There's nothing new under the sun.” In stating this truth, he was a great liar. Now, slide film is new,—except for the fact that the idea is very old.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Rowland Rogers"
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    "docTitle": "Why Slide Film?",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "About eight years ago Mr. Max Handschiegl began the coloring of motion picture films by a system generally known by the term ‘imbibition.’ Mr. Handschiegl's previous experience had been in the engraving business in St. Louis and other places and he sought to apply the knowledge gained in that field to the coloring of films. In a broad sense he has utilized the printing press method of inking from a matrix or similar surface.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "William V. D. Kelley"
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    ],
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00873",
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    "docTitle": "Imbibition Coloring of Motion Picture Films",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "238–241",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "There are three methods of printing motion pictures, namely, the step-by-step method, the continuous method, and the optical method by means of a printer which employs a lens to carry the image of the negative to the positive either reduced, enlarged or of the same size. This article describes an optical printer, for the reduction of standard size negatives to 16 mm. positives, Fig. 1.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "O. B. Depue"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00874",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "A Daylight Optical Reduction Printer",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00874",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00874",
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "242–251",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "By the term ‘Printing of Film’ is very often implied the whole process required to produce from the negative a copy ready for screening.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Roscoe C. Hubbard"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "year": "1926"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00875",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Printing Motion Picture Film",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00875",
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    "number": "28",
    "pages": "252–278",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "It was about 1908 that I first commenced to make motion pictures of wild song birds. My camera was an English Urban box camera, fitted with a 3 inch Carl Zeiss F 3.5 lens and holding 150 feet of negative. I well remember that my first subject was a house wren. Inasmuch as this bird is one of our smallest species, I soon found that, in order to secure an image of satisfactory size for projection purposes, I was obliged to get closer to the wrens than met their approval.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Norman McClintock"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00876",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Telephoto Lens in Wild Bird and Animal Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00876",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00876",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "279–286",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "In All the realm of the entire motion picture industry, I know of no one thing so urgently in need of careful, intelligent attention, and what might be termed revolutionary action, as is the position or office of Supervisor of Projection.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. H. Richardson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00877",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Supervisor of Projection",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00877",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "287–293",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/28/16/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "Film distributing organizations are making an effort to keep film in good condition in its passage from theater to theater. Nevertheless, by the time it reaches the smaller houses its state of preservation may be exceedingly poor, a fact which cannot but prejudice the entertainment value.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Trevor Faulkner"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00878",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Film in Good Condition for All Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00878",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00878",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "294–295",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "Sixteen Years ago a new industry was established in America—the dissemination of world news through the medium of motion pictures. The evolution of news recording has kept pace with the progress of civilization, for, in a large measure, such progress is dependent upon intercommunication between the different peoples of the world. From its lowly beginning of symbol carving in stone, through the hieroglyphic stage, the ancient papyrus, this business of news dissemination has in the last few years developed a new medium—the motion picture—so that not only can the people of one country be told of the activities and achievements of their fellow men in distant lands, but also they can actually see these activities and accomplishments.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Emanuel Cohen"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00879",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Business of International News by Motion Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00879",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00879",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "296–302",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/28/18/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
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    "volume": "10",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "Motion Picture instruction has only a brief history to relate at best and it is because no coherent and comprehensive plan for training students in the technical branches of motion picture production is yet in existence that this paper is presented.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Carl Louis Gregory"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00880",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Instruction in Motion Picture Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00880",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00880",
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      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "303–308",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/28/19/",
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      "active": true
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    "volume": "10",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "At No period in a man's history is introspection and readjustment more necessary than in the transition stage from boyhood to maturity. What is true of the individual is not untrue of a collection of individuals working as one unit under the banner of a ‘Society’. You will probably agree with me that our Society of Motion Picture Engineers is in some transition stage and will come to no harm if it indulges in a little self-inquiry.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "K. C. D. Hickman"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00881",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "The Future Policy of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00881",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00881",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "309–325",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/28/20/",
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    "volume": "10",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "For the purpose of the following notes the definition of stereoscopy is the obtaining of two pictures from view points separated by the interpupillary distance and the presentment of the right-hand picture to the right eye and the left-hand picture to the left eye.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. J. Wall"
      }
    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00882",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Stereoscopic Cinematography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00882",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00882",
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      "print": "0096-6460"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "326–344",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Transactions%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/10/28/21/",
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    "volume": "10",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag J.",
    "abstract": "This is the second term during which the Papers and Publications Committees have functioned as a unit. As is the case with all committees whose members are widely separated geographically, most of the actual committee work has to be done by the chairman. The serious difficulty in the way of continuing the combination of the two committees is the enormous amount of work involved. The combination experiment has demonstrated the urgent necessity of the establishment of a permanent secretary for the Society, to carry out the more arduous duties of the various committees.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      },
      {
        "name": "C. E. Egeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "L. A. Jones"
      },
      {
        "name": "L. C. Porter"
      },
      {
        "name": "W. F. Little"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. C. Kroesen"
      },
      {
        "name": "J. A. Summers"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1926"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00883",
    "docLabel": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 10, Issue: 28, October 1926)",
    "docTitle": "Report of Papers and Publications Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00883",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00883",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0096-6460"
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    "journalTitle": "Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "28",
    "pages": "345–346",
    "publicationDate": "1926-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "10",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Electronic Video Recording® (EVR), a system whereby prerecorded audio-video programs may be played through standard television receivers, is described in detail. Color and monochrome media are compatible on EVR, that is, a color EVR cartridge can be played on a monochrome EVR player and a monochrome cartridge will yield a black-and-white image on a color receiver. Recorded programs are stored in EVR cartridges, measuring 7 inches in diameter, 0.5 inches thick, with a large center hole. The cartridge contains 25 minutes (750 feet) of color video signal using two video tracks, one for luminance information and the other for color. Monochrome programs use only one track at a time, hence the duration would be 50 minutes maximum. The video signal is exposed onto a photographic base (8.75 mm wide and 3-mil thick). The audio signal is recorded on two narrow magnetic stripes on each side of the EVR film. A special high-resolution silver halide film provides an essential interface between the electron beam recording, printing, and playback processes. The electron beam recorder (EBR) consists of three sections, all under vacuum, plus their requisite circuitry: the film magazine, the film transport, and the electron gun. The master film is recorded by direct electronography. With each pass of the master film, the wet-gate multiple-head EVR printer produces 16 color programs together with magnetic soundtracks. Film processing is accomplished in black-and-white continuous film developing machines, with special attention given to uniformity of processing and control of granularity. Diazo film has been investigated and found experimentally suitable for EVR duplication printing. A lead from the EVR player is easily attached by handclips to the external antenna terminals of the television set. Then the film cartridge is placed on the player, the television set turned on to a channel that is not broadcasting, and the player starter button pushed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "CBS Laboratories, A Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., High Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06905.",
        "name": "Peter C. Goldmark"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00884",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, August 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Color Electronic Video Recording",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00884",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573"
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "677–686",
    "publicationDate": "1970-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    },
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    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "year": "1970"
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    "number": "8",
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    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00884iiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00884iiA",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "8",
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    "publicationDate": "1970-08-01",
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    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00884iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE — Editorial Board",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "8",
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    "publicationDate": "1970-08-01",
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    "abstract": "A new stereo photographic system, not involving the use of any form of individual viewing device, is described. A special type of spherically lenticulated film, or equivalent screen-film combination, is used. Photographs produced by the new system exhibit parallax about both the horizontal and vertical axes, in which respect, therefore, they resemble holograms. Due to simplicity of operation, the process is particularly suitable for the amateur photographer, but other useful applications in science and industry can be foreseen.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Dudley Optical Laboratories, Beverly Hills, CA 90212.",
        "name": "Leslie P. Dudley"
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    "docTitle": "A New Development in Autostereoscopic Photography",
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    "abstract": "The development of high-resolution electron optics for 50- × 50-mm image formats and of electron guns providing a small-diameter electron source has improved the modulation-transfer function of return-beam vidicons to a level competitive with high-definition aerial films. Limitations are imposed when the polarization time is restricted by operational considerations in the single-exposure read-prepare mode of a slow-scan system. Injection of a control potential permits discrimination against the large “haze” component from low-contrast scenes to optimize the current of the reading beam and the signal-to-noise ratio in the video signal output of the electron multiplier. Comparison at a spatial frequency of 100 cycles/mm shows that the high-resolution television camera has a detection efficiency equal to or better than SO-243 high-resolution aerial film, particularly at low contrasts, and can potentially exceed it by an order of magnitude with further development.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Sr., RCA Corp., 415 S. Fifth St., Harrison, NJ 07029",
        "name": "Otto H. Schade"
      }
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00886",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, August 1970)",
    "docTitle": "High-Resolution Return-Beam Vidicon Cameras: A Comparison with High-Resolution Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00886",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00886",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "694–705",
    "publicationDate": "1970-08-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The image sharpness of motion-picture release prints depends not only on the film products in the system, but also on the capability of motion-picture printers to transfer images. As sharper films become available the need increases to know the transfer characteristics of other system components. Modulation Transfer Functions (MTF) have been used to analyze the performance of various films and printers in the Eastman Color super-8 optical release system. Use of MTF techniques permits one to compute apparent transfer functions for various printing stages and conditions, including step optical, continuous optical, and continuous contact types. The continuous optical and step optical printer transfer were found to be similar at best focus. The continuous contact printer carefully adjusted and maintained resulted in print-through MTF, in the normally viewed frequency region, significantly close to the theoretical limits of 100% transfer for contact printing. However, poor contact adjustment and poor focus yield low print-through transfer characteristics and noticeably unsharp prints. Especially critical is focus in an optical reduction printer. Printing out of focus by as little as 0.002 in can perceptibly degrade super-8 print sharpness.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Photographic Technology Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park Div., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "John C. Norris"
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      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00887",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, August 1970)",
    "docTitle": "An MTF Analysis of the Contribution of Motion-Picture Printing to Image Sharpness",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A need for a precise TTL exposure measurement accompanied the development of color reversal film. This new exposure system does not electrically introduce film speed and exposure time data into the meter circuit, but instead the data input is achieved by two unique, counter-rotating precision neutral density discs which maintain the illumination level on the photoresistor at a defined reference value. This method allows the photoresistor to work at a predetermined operating point irrespective of exposure data settings and object illumination. A measuring field of about 30% of the filmed area was determined advantageous for the 16mm film. The light to be measured is diverted by a beamsplitter in the viewfinder's light path, where a relay lens projects the light onto the photoresistor. A galvanometer indicates the illumination level on the film. The reduced light during camera operation is electrically compensated by switching bridge-resistors. The power supply for the exposure meter is stabilized and derived from the camera battery. Illumination of the indicator scale is attained through a light collecting prism. This exposure system sets new standards in measuring accuracy with a wide variety of interchangeable lenses.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Arnold & Richter K.G., Tuerkenstrasse 89, 8 Munich 13, Germany.",
        "name": "Erich Kaestner"
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      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00888",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, August 1970)",
    "docTitle": "A Professional Through-the-Lens CdS Exposure Control System with Optical Data Input for Motion-Picture Cameras",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "709–712",
    "publicationDate": "1970-08-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A “soft-touch” surface is used on the film-bearing portion of processing rollers in order to accomplish motion-picture film processing with a minimum of process-attributable damage. The need for this development has come from the increased use of multirank 35mm and 16mm films such as 35/32, 35/S8 and 16/S8, the desire to process both 16mm and 35mm films in the same machine, and an increasing concern with soundtrack quality. Conventional processing spools cause edge abrasions or scratches. In the past this edge damage has not been a major problem, since it was outside the normal 35mm or 16mm picture area. The same degree of edge damage on many of the present multirank films would render a high percentage of the processed film unusable. A multifingered rubber-like soft tire is placed on a flat spool, creating a uniform film-support surface consisting of many soft, flexible fingers. This fingered surface also provides support over the entire width of the film, thereby distributing machine tension and minimizing in-process fluting. These tires may be used to process any 35mm or 16mm format film, perforated or unperforated, in the same machine without physical damage or costly changeovers. U.S. Patent No. 3,493,161, assigned to the Eastman Kodak Co., has been granted on the tire described in this paper.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Motion Picture and Education Markets Div., Eastman Kodak Co., 1133 Ave. of Americas, New York, NY 10017",
        "name": "Charles J. Crane"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Photographic Technology Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park Div., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "Willis L. Stockdale"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Photographic Technology Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park Div., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "Lawrence R. Witherow"
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    "docTitle": "A Soft-Touch Surface Designed for Scratch-Free Motion-Picture Film Processing",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "712–719",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "During the meeting of the Engineering Committee on Color, opinion on several matters crystallized quite sharply. One was the acceptance of the need for the Recommended Practice for the brightness and color of screens with black surround for viewing film intended for television usage. This Recommended Practice will appear in the Journal soon. Although the high intensity small screen with a low level neutral ambient light surround is being recommended as more representative of the manner in which television is viewed, the use of such systems is still limited and black surround screens will remain in use for some time.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. P. Brackett"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1970"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00890",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 79, Issue: 8, August 1970)",
    "docTitle": "Engineering Committees Activities: Color Committee Meeting April 27, 1970",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00890",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "720–720",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abstract": "In the projection of motion-picture film at high intensities for maximum screen illumination, it is sometimes desirable to cool the film and control its position with a blast of high velocity air. This paper presents a method for evaluating the design, placement, and operation of the jet which provides the cooling air. The heart of the method is the fact that the brightness of certain phosphors depends strongly on temperature. Such phosphors provide an immediate visual indication of the temperature distribution over the film face. Examples of several air flow patterns revealed by the use of phosphors are discussed. Test results obtained by projection of film are compared with predictions.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Manufacturing Experiments Div.",
        "name": "F. J. Kolb"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "F. Urbach"
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      "year": "1954"
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    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 62, Issue: 5, May 1954)",
    "docTitle": "Temperature-Sensitive Phosphors for the Evaluation of Air Jets Designed to Cool Motion-Picture Film",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00902",
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    "pages": "364–376",
    "publicationDate": "1954-05-01",
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    "abstract": "In stereoradiography, image displacement is obtained either by shifting the x-ray tube, or, less often, by keeping the tube stationary and rotating the subject through a few degrees of angle between exposures. Either of the methods can be applied to stereo cinefluorography, but the rotational method has the advantage of not requiring special x-ray equipment. A single-film projector having two picture apertures for stereo projection of rotational films is described.",
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        "affiliation": "Department of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 20, N.Y.",
        "name": "S. A. Weinberg"
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      {
        "affiliation": "National Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.",
        "name": "J. S. Watson"
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      {
        "affiliation": "National Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.",
        "name": "R. Gramiak"
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        "affiliation": "National Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.",
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    "abstract": "An experimental model of a 16mm projector is described in which air pressure is used to effect pulldown of the film. Some results of speed tests for this type of pulldown are discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Camera Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "A satisfactorily bright and steady image of large size can be obtained from the projection of a 16mm print if good film, a good camera, a good printer and a good projector are used. It has been shown by a trade survey that 16mm prints differ appreciably in steadiness. This was learned by viewing prints made in various laboratories from a 16mm reversal original, or from a 35mm negative made from the same scene. The steadiness of some prints approached the quality of the 16mm original, as was found by the examination of the prints made especially for this survey. It was also noticed that the photographic quality of the prints varied over a wide range, comparable to the observed variation in steadiness.",
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        "affiliation": "Manufacturing Experiments Div., Kodak Park, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "Most of the distortions perceived in stereoscopic pictures are caused by false perspective. False perspective cannot be corrected by variation of the camera interaxial separation. Parallax movements, which result from head movements in ordinary experience, are lacking in stereoscopic pictures, and are replaced by perverse twists of the scene. This lack is felt as a real shortcoming of stereoscopic motion pictures, and is best masked by frequent movement of the camera during shots.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y. This paper was presented on Oct. 5, 1953, at the Society's Convention at New York.",
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    "abstract": "It is anticipated that theater television will require networks of intercity and local video distribution channels similar to those now furnished for television broadcasting. To meet needs of broadcasters and occasional theater requirements, the network circuits are being rapidly extended. Currently about 40,000 miles of video circuits are in use for television network facilities. Both radio relay and coaxial systems are used in these networks. Many special designs and operating features are required to insure good transmission over the long distances involved in nationwide network service.",
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        "affiliation": "Long Lines Dept., American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 32 Ave. of Americas, New York 13.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00941",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00942",
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    "abstract": "The lighting installation of NBC Studio 8H features convenient facilities for setting up the many and varied lighting routines required by today's television shows. Efficient operation of these facilities reduces studio usage for lighting purposes, and consequently increases the number of shows which can be staged each week. This paper describes the installation, and provides a documentary account of the process of lighting a typical dramatic show.",
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    "abstract": "The transmission of an image from the original scene to the 3-D screen involves several transformations, the last of which occurs in the spectator himself. Analysis of any transmission system or theory has significance only as it pertains to the capabilities of the human visual apparatus. The spectator must be considered an integral part — the most important part — of the transmission system, and, as such, the evaluation of any system should be preceded by, and based on, a knowledge of the limitations imposed by the physiology of vision. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate some of these limitations.",
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    "abstract": "A four-track magnetic soundhead for reproducing CinemaScope films in theaters is described. The unit mounts readily between projector and upper film magazine and is film driven. To facilitate threading, the film sprocket is locked when the pressure pads are opened. A low natural-period Davis filtered drive insures high-quality film motion.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Westrex Corp., 6601 Romaine St., Hollywood 38, Calif.",
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        "affiliation": "Westrex Corp., 6601 Romaine St., Hollywood 38, Calif.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00945",
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    "pages": "208–214",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes a new type of sound reproducer which attaches to the top of standard 35mm theater motion-picture projectors. The unit permits elective playing of conventional photographic sound films by means of the usual projector-soundhead combination or magnetic tracks by means of the attachment. Sound reproduction using the attachment is of excellent quality and falls within Research Council recommendations for magnetic-track reproduction.",
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    "abstract": "A four-track, magnetic sound reproducer which mounts between the upper magazine and the picture mechanism of a standard theater projector is described. Features include: minimum increase in overall projector height, no interference with normal projector operation and excellent film motion. The use of this unit for the initial experimental recording work which produced the first composite CinemaScope film demonstrations is also described.",
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    "abstract": "Stereophonic sound has become of vital importance to industry. The subject has been studied for many years, but the published material is scattered. This paper summarizes the fundamental theory underlying stereophonic sound so far as it has been published, and gives examples of how the theory is employed in representative practical situations. Fundamental differences between ordinary binaural listening and stereophony are pointed out, as well as similarities. It is shown that much qualitative but little quantitative information has been reported. Factors which aid some stereophonic effects are shown to be detrimental to others, and methods of minimizing the undesirable conditions are suggested. Applications to recording are discussed.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "year": "1953"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
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    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers — Table of Contents",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
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    "pages": "i–i",
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    "abstract": "Psychometric methods were used to evaluate the relative sharpness of a number of photographic reproductions in which sharpness was the only significant variable. Since sharpness is an observer's subjective impression of an aspect of picture definition, the methods for deriving sharpness values involve introspective processes and methods of quantifying these subjective impressions. Although no physical measurements of any aspect of the stimulus are involved in deriving sharpness values by the psychometric method, repeated evaluations showed that the scale values obtained are a reliable indication of the sharpness attribute of a photographic reproduction. Three methods of quantifying the judgment data were used, and the sharpness ratings obtained from all three were in good agreement with one another. Projected transparencies gave substantially the same results as paper enlargements. Attempts to correlate the sharpness ratings with physical measurements of some aspect of the developed image were not entirely successful; neither resolving power nor simple density relationships across an abrupt boundary between light and dark areas resulted in satisfactory correlations with sharpness ratings.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "Robert N. Wolfe"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "Fred C. Eisen"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00964",
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    "docTitle": "Psychometric Evaluation of the Sharpness of Photographic Reproductions",
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    "pages": "590–604",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "When several high-speed cameras are operated simultaneously, but independently, it is possible that the aggregate of pictures obtained will satisfactorily cover the space between the pictures provided by any one camera. This paper gives a method for estimating the probability that the longest interval without a picture will not exceed a selected value.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 463 West St., New York 14",
        "name": "R. I. Wilkinson"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.",
        "name": "H. G. Romig"
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    "docTitle": "Random Picture Spacing with Multiple Camera Installations",
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    "number": "5",
    "pages": "605–618",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The du Pont Company's Mechanical Development Laboratory has made use of high-speed photographic techniques in the evaluation of chemical, metallurgical and mechanical processes. To cover the wide range of subjects encountered, some development work on cameras, lights and associated equipment has been necessary. This work is described herein.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Mechanical Development Laboratory, 101 Beech St., Wilmington, Del.",
        "name": "W. O. S. Johnson"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00966",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "High-Speed Photography in the Chemical Industry",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00966",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "619–623",
    "publicationDate": "1953-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A full-frame 35mm rotating-prism type camera is described and its features discussed. The camera has a 500-ft capacity and a picture-taking rate of from 100 to 2500 frames/sec.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Industrial and Technical Photographic Div., Wollensak Optical Co., Rochester 21, N.Y.",
        "name": "John H. Waddell"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00967",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Full-Frame 35mm Fastax Camera",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00967",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J00967",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "624–627",
    "publicationDate": "1953-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A set of vacuum-deposited thin-film multilayer transmission filters has been developed for use as highly efficient primaries in additive color projection. Light which is not transmitted is reflected. Consequently the filters can be used in high-illumination beams without overheating and changing color. Modification of spectrophotometric curves can be effected as desired in specific problems.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester 2, N. Y.",
        "name": "H. H. Schroeder"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester 2, N. Y.",
        "name": "A. F. Turner"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J00968",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Primary Color Filters with Interference Films",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J00968",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "628–633",
    "publicationDate": "1953-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper deals with the design and construction of a 35mm stereo cine camera outlining the optimum facilities required, the problems encountered in design of the camera and how they were solved, and the technique used in shooting stereo motion pictures with this camera.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "National Film Board of Canada, 35 John St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada.",
        "name": "C. E. Beachell"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00969",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "A 35mm Stereo Cine Camera",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00969",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "634–641",
    "publicationDate": "1953-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20and%20Television%20Engineers/61/5/9/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In addition to reproducing sound from conventional optical tracks, this projector is capable of recording and playing back magnetic oxide tracks applied to either single- or double-perforated 16mm films. The important aspects of the mechanical and electrical design are described, showing their relation to the performance of the projector.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Company, Camera Works, 333 State St., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "John A. Rodgers"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00970",
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    "docTitle": "Projector for 16mm Optical and Magnetic Sound",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00970",
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    "number": "5",
    "pages": "642–651",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The D. K. G. Test Film No. 4a, produced by the German Motion- Picture Engineering Society in Munich, is intended as a means for making routine listening and viewing tests in the theater and for checking projector performance. No additional equipment, other than a stopwatch, is required.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00971",
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    "docTitle": "German Test Film",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00971",
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    "number": "5",
    "pages": "652–654",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00972",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Two Revised American Standards PH22.43, -.44—16 mm Sound Test Films",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J00972",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "655–661",
    "publicationDate": "1953-11-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00973",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, November 1953)",
    "docTitle": "75th Convention Plans",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "5",
    "pages": "658–659",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abstract": "The big rush for television news release prints from single-system negative prompted the design of this conversion unit. In news work every possible shortcut must be taken, without lowering the quality of the release prints. These converted printers cut the printing time in half; also, they save considerable raw stock, because in loop printing a splice may give way and create a synchronization problem in resplicing the negative, with the result that stock with sound printed but no picture usually has to be discarded. No loss occurs when picture and sound are printed simultaneously on these printers.",
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    "abstract": "Three-dimensional and wide-screen projection both require substantially more than the conventional amount of screen light. The super Ventarc has been designed to meet these requirements to such an extent that the screen lumens are only limited by the maximum density of radiant energy the film can take. If this value is set at 0.7 w/sq mm, the ultimate limit for a 35mm projection system will be approximately 50,000 lm, with no film shutter. This level of screen light has been attained at 150 amp.",
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    "abstract": "The performance of carbons operated in the Gretener type of “blown arc” shows the following advantages as compared with the more usual method of burning: (a) from 5 to 25% less current is required to produce the same light; (b) at the higher brightness levels, less carbon consumption is required for the same light; (c) the maximum light that the carbon will deliver is increased by 10 to 20%; and (d) uniformity of brightness across the face of the arc crater is considerably improved. The performance advantages of the “blown arc” seem to be considerably greater for 12-mm than for 10-mm carbons, and are greatest when the carbon is operated at or near its maximum current and light output. The addition of blowing to the arc introduces special problems regarding the design and operation of the negative electrode.",
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    "abstract": "Screen brightness is measured and specified in order to control viewing conditions for projected pictures. By the modulation of light from the projector the whole artistic creation captured in the production of a motion picture is presented to its ultimate audience. This creation can only equal the director's concept when viewing conditions are known and predictable. The control of screen brightness and the screen-image transfer characteristic is therefore a necessary condition for the most effective presentation of motion pictures. Brightness characteristics of projected pictures are discussed and the various practical simplifications considered. Nine conditions of screen-brightness measurement are described, specifications for the meters required are developed, and several simplified practical procedures for field measurement are detailed.",
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    "docTitle": "Proposed Revision, PH22.58 and PH22.59 Apertures for 35mm Projectors and Cameras",
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    "pages": "560–560",
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      "year": "1953"
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    "pages": "560–563",
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    "pages": "563–565",
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    "abstract": "The main features of European high-speed photographic instrumentation are described, including cameras using stationary film, those with intermittently or continuously moving film, and those incorporating the film drum. Methods of lighting high-speed photography with various spark arrangements are discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Laboratoire de Recherches, St. Louis, France.",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J00993iiA",
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    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers — Table of Contents",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1953-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A shutter with an effective open time of about 1 μsec is described which was specially designed to photograph high explosives during detonation. Precision adjustment of the exposure instant by a time-delay circuit triggered by the explosion light is used for synchronization. Optical systems of focal lengths of 6 in. to 6 ft have been employed. Examples are given of pentolite and TNT explosions.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc., 160 Brookline Aye., Boston, Mass.",
        "name": "Harold E. Edgerton"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc., 160 Brookline Aye., Boston, Mass.",
        "name": "Kenneth J. Germeshausen"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "abstract": "This monitor presents visually the information recorded on magnetic tape without employing auxiliary equipment such as movable scanning heads, amplifiers, etc. The presentation is a variable-area display that indicates frequency and amplitude. The display remains stationary as long as the tape is motionless in the Magnescope, but movement of the tape is accompanied by corresponding movement of the display. Magnescope consists of a unique cathode-ray tube and its associated power supply. The cathode-ray tube is so constructed that the magnetic fields from the tape directly influence a beam of electrons which produces the variable-area display.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The editing of magnetic sound tracks by visual and aural methods has become increasingly important because of the rapid adoption of the magnetic system by the industry, both for primary recordings and theater release. Three-dimensional theatrical and multicamera television films have also stressed the need for editors which show more than one picture. A solution is suggested for these problems and a system of electronic editing is proposed, leading to an enlargement of editing processes to include sound recording, re-recording and dubbing, formerly limited to the sound studio.",
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    "abstract": "Editorial Note: This paper is reprinted from The Journal of the American Optometric Association of April and May 1953 not only because of its timely interest but also to give Journal readers a readily available reference. The bibliography of this paper shows sources of fuller treatments. Society members may recall a briefer treatment in the Journal: Howard T. Souther, “The illusion of depth perception in motion pictures,” Jour. SMPE, 46: 245–253, Apr. 1946.",
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    "abstract": "A small camera is described which takes 1/5 by 2 1/2 in. pictures at rates up to 450 frames/sec on 70mm film. The film is stationary during exposure. The total weight of the camera is 25 lb. Its long thin aperture shape, its high frame rate and its small size should make it a useful tool for work in ordnance and in aircraft and machine design.",
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    "docTitle": "70mm Test Vehicle Recorder",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In order to obtain data on deionization times of high-voltage fault-arc paths the Bonneville Power Administration has made oscillographic and photographic records of electrical arcs produced on 115- and 230-kv buses with current magnitudes up to 25,000 amp. Speeds of 4000 frames/sec were used. Since the arcing times were very brief (0.1 to 0.01 sec), camera timing was critical. This, and estimation of the actinic value of the self-luminous arc, were the principal problems encountered. Another problem was photography of a self-luminous arc of high intensity against a background which must also appear in the picture when the arc is out.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Bonneville Power Administration, Box 3537, Portland 8, Ore.",
        "name": "Everett J. Harrington"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Bonneville Power Administration, Box 3537, Portland 8, Ore.",
        "name": "Harold C. Ramberg"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01041",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "High-Speed Motion-Picture Photography of Electrical Arcs on a High-Voltage Power System",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01041",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "675–679",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "THE MOST significant developments in the motion-picture industry in Germany during 1952 were concerned with the manufacture of equipments rather than with new production techniques. In the manufacture of motion-picture cameras, many well-known firms newly reconstructed after the difficult post-war period were again able to show satisfactory delivery schedules. While, in general, no fundamentally new departures in technical equipment appeared on the market and most firms restricted themselves to the production of standard equipments manufactured with the highest precision, there did appear on the market a number of new cameras for 8mm, 16mm and high-speed photography.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Report published in the May Journal has been prepared from material submitted in German by Committee Member Leo Busch.",
        "name": "George R. Groves"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01042",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Addendum to Progress Committee Report: Developments in Germany",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "680–687",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "VISUAL INSPECTION of the sound track on l6mm film can yield much valuable information, particularly with regard to the presence of processing faults. To enable large quantities of film to be inspected, a simple type of projection microscope has been specially constructed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Research Laboratories, Kodak Australasia (Pty.) Ltd., Abbotsford 9, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.",
        "name": "O. L. Goble"
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    ],
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      "year": "1953"
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    "docTitle": "Visual Examination of 16mm Photographic Sound Tracks",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01043",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "688–689",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A description is given of the approach and final solution to the development of a silver sound track on 16mm Cinecolor for use with the lead sulfide photocell.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Cinecolor Corp., 2800 W. Olive Ave., Burbank, Calif.",
        "name": "John Fritzen"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01044",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Processing 16mm Color Film with a Silver Sound Track",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01044",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "690–691",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "60",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Densitometry at Cinecolor matches use as closely as possible. To this end, densitometry of material to be used on optical printers is on a “specular densitometer,” and densitometry of sound tracks is on a “sound reproducer densitometer.” This paper describes these two densitometers.",
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        "affiliation": "Cinecolor Corp., 2800 W. Olive Ave., Burbank, Calif.",
        "name": "Howard T. Raffety"
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    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01045",
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    "docTitle": "Matching Densitometry to Production",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01045",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "692–695",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The need for unification of density measurements made in numerous and widely separated laboratories led to the development of the Eastman Electronic Densitometer, Type 31A. This densitometer reads diffuse densities of color films from 0.0 to 4.1 through narrow-band color filters, with a standard deviation of ±1% among different instruments. The construction and performance of the densitometer are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Camera Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y.",
        "name": "K. G. Macleish"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01046",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Transmission Densitometer for Color Films",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01046",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "696–708",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The pedagogic needs for 16mm sound motion-picture production are discussed with a statement of the problem and a demonstration of its solution. The requirements include facilities for production recording, dialogue replacement, scoring and re-recording. All recording is done on 16mm magnetic film. The magnetic composite track is transferred to 16mm photographic negative for release. Equipments are being installed to permit variable-density, ultrasonic electric printing to Kodachrome and black-and-white. The simplicity and dependability of the magnetic equipments permit of student operation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles 24.",
        "name": "Barry Eddy"
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    "docTitle": "Motion-Picture Sound Installation at the University of California at Los Angeles",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "709–715",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Present trends in drive-in theaters, particularly as applied to light sources, projectors, sound systems, power supply units and projection lenses, are contrasted with those of several years ago. Current drive-ins favor the use of 9-mm and 10-mm positive carbons in reflector-type arc lamps in combination with the new 4-in. diameter lens. Comments are offered on the impact of three-dimensional pictures on drive-ins.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Theater Equipment, Camden 2, N.J.",
        "name": "R. H. Heacock"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01048",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Improved Equipment for Drive-in Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01048",
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      "print": "0898-042X"
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "716–720",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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      "10.5594-J11311"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new, improved in-a-car speaker in which the speaker unit employs two speaker cones, one superimposed upon the other with a sealed 3/16-in. air space between, the outer cone being used for protection, the inner cone for projection of sound.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "The Ballantyne Co., 1712 Jackson St., Omaha 2, Neb.",
        "name": "J. Robert Hoff"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01049",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Drive-in Theater Dub'l Cone In-a-Car Speaker",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01049",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "721–723",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "THE WORK OF the Sound Committee must of necessity include investigation on all phases of techniques used in stereophonic sound reproduction. It was indeed fortunate that last year the Magnetic Subcommittee was able to obtain agreement on the triple 200-mil magnetic track for 35mm film since this is the standard that is being used currently on 3-D showings where the sound is reproduced from a separate interlocked magnetic dummy.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Altec Lansing Corp., 9356 Santa Monica Blvd., Beverly Hills, Calif.",
        "name": "John K. Hilliard"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
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    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Sound Committee Report",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01050",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "724–725",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "SINCE ITS LAST REPORT, the l6mm and 8mm Motion Pictures Committee has processed in one manner or another, eight standards. Of these, one has just been approved as an American Standard, two are in the Standards Committee, having been approved by the 16mm and 8mm Motion Pictures Committee, one has been published for trial and comment, and four are still in letter ballot in the Committee.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Bell & Howell Co., 7100 McCormick Rd., Chicago 45, Ill.",
        "name": "Malcolm G. Townsley"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
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    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "16mm and 8mm Committee Report",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01051",
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      "print": "0898-042X"
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "725–725",
    "publicationDate": "1953-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20and%20Television%20Engineers/60/6/16/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01052",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Proposed Revisions, PH22.17, —.36 and —.58 Related to 8mm and 35mm Low-Shrink Film and Aperture for 35mm Sound Motion-Picture Projectors",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01052",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "726–731",
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01053",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "73d Semiannual Convention",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01053",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "732–735",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01054",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Honor Roll",
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01055",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "New Index to Standards",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01056",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Board of Governors Meeting",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "738–739",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01057",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Executive Secretary",
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    "pages": "739–741",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01058",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 6, June 1953)",
    "docTitle": "Central Section Meeting",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Aslib, formerly known as the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, was established in 1924 to facilitate the coordination and systematic use of information in commerce, industry and the academic world. It acts as an intelligence service for putting its members, who are all users of information, in touch with special and technical knowledge on every subject.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "contentType": "review",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01060",
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    "docTitle": "“Writing for Television” (Gilbert Seldes; 1952) [Book Review]",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01060",
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    "docTitle": "“Exposure Meters and Practical Exposure Control” (J. F. Dunn; 1952) [Book Review]",
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    "docTitle": "New Members",
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    "docTitle": "Employment Service",
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    "abstract": "The Year 1952 will be marked as a milestone in the history of motion-picture production and presentation. At a time when the motion-picture industry was beset with depressing reports of poor box-office receipts from the best product that the industry could produce, there appeared on the screen two epoch-making presentations that have revitalized the motion-picture business. The reference is, of course, to the presentation of Cinerama in New York and the showing of Bwana Devil, the 3-D production of Arch Oboler, in Los Angeles. In compiling the Progress Report for 1952 it would seem logical, therefore, that these two presentations should be reported upon first.",
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    "abstract": "A recent investigation of the variation in spectral reflectance and chromaticity of the flesh tones of various individuals is described. Spectrophotometric reflectance measurements were made on the face, arms and hands of several individuals having different complexions and degrees of sun tan. Spectro-radiometric measurements were made of many phases of daylight. The variations in chromaticity of fleshtones due to daylight variations were calculated. The reflectance of the flesh was computed in terms of the response of an exposure meter to determine the exposure constant for reflected-light readings taken on the human face.",
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    "abstract": "The televising of a symphony orchestra is a very complicated project. It requires the thought, the preplanning and the thorough rehearsal associated with the most elaborate live network productions. Yet such projects must often be attempted on a local scale by small commercial or educational stations with extremely limited facilities and rehearsal time. The following article describes a production method which was developed to meet such a situation.",
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    "abstract": "A color printing system for motion pictures is outlined employing: Eastman Color Negative Safety Film, Type 5247; Eastman Separation Panchromatic Safety Film, Type 5216; Eastman Color Internegative Safety Film, Type 5243; and Eastman Color Print Safety Film, Type 5381. The sensitometric characteristics of the two intermediate materials are described. Some methods of using them and the problems involved in color registration printing are discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "Various devices have been perfected to control accurately the exposure of video pictures to be recorded on motion picture film. These devices, combined with sensitometric control, take much of the guesswork out of the kinescope recording process.",
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    "abstract": "This paper presents the problem of obtaining relatively large photographs in sequence at frame rates up to 50/sec. Design characteristics required for a camera suitable for obtaining photographic data of missile launchings and flights with negatives 2 1/4 in. wide and 2 1/2 or 5 in. long are enumerated. The intermittent film transporting mechanism and shutter system used in the solution of this problem are described.",
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        "affiliation": "Charles A. Hulcher Co., Inc., 40 Manteo Ave., Hampton, Va.",
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    "abstract": "Maximum efficiency in editing film both in production studios and in television stations is the objective of a recently developed preview-and-editing machine which utilizes a continuous projection process in place of the customary intermittent movement and shutter. Because projection is continuous, and because all parts are so machined that no portion of the film except the sprocket-hole area ever comes into contact with any surface, valuable originals and fine-grain masters can safely be edited on this machine.",
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        "affiliation": "Editor Precision Equipment Corp., 130 W. 46 St., New York 36, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "A need was felt for a reasonably priced, quickly accessible, self-contained automatic film processor for television stations and small laboratories. This led to the design of the Bridgamatic machine which embodies standard commercial design plus a continuous overdrive, tension-relieving devices, straight-line film flow and ease of handling. 16mm and 35mm negative-positive and reversal models are described. The add-a-unit idea was adopted, so the bare machine can later be equipped with whatever refinements are desired.",
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        "affiliation": "S.O.S. Cinema Supply Corp., 602 W. 52 St., New York 19.",
        "name": "Joseph A. Tanney"
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        "name": "Edward B. Krause"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01091",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 3, March 1953)",
    "docTitle": "The Bridgamatic Developing Machine",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01091",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
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    "pages": "260–267",
    "publicationDate": "1953-03-01",
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    "abstract": "An accelerated interest in stereoscopic photography has been inspired in recent years by the appearance of compact, well-designed cameras and viewing devices marketed at moderate prices. These new products and their increasingly widespread use support the belief that any art such as stereoscopic representation depends for popularity, indeed for survival, on the equipment available to enable people to practice the art.",
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    "docTitle": "The Stereoscopic Art — A Reprint",
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    "abstract": "The introduction of rapid drying technique for rapidly processed film suggests its possible application for the drying of normally processed motion picture films. Consideration of the drying process seems to indicate that hot impinged air should be the most satisfactory method of commercial practice. Experiments were made on a laboratory machine in which the film passes between two parallel air chambers. Small holes in the sides of the chambers facing the film permit hot air to impinge on both sides of the film. Air temperatures ranging from 125 F to 210 F and air velocities of 2,000 to 6,000 fpm were used. Eastman Fine Grain Release Positive Safety Film was dried in 10 sec on laboratory equipment of this type and Eastman Plus X Panchromatic Negative Safety Film was dried in 16 sec. The physical properties of several films dried in this equipment were quite similar to the properties of conventionally dried films, but this is not true for all types of film. Rapid driers can be extremely compact and their power requirements should be no greater than for conventional driers.",
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    "abstract": "A detailed description is given of the theory, construction and application of a new type of Isotransport camera using the rotating drum principle and designed to provide a potential repetition rate up to 100,000 frames/sec. It is expected that this camera will be of particular interest to organizations whose need for equipment in the higher speed range does not justify the investment required to provide a permanent installatin.",
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    "abstract": "A brief description of explosive reactions is presented to acquaint the reader with the problems which arise in the study of explosions by photographic techniques. Optical and electronic equipment, designed to produce exposure times approaching 10-9 sec, is discussed from the standpoint of light-gathering power, exposure time and cost. Three basic types of cameras (streak, single short-duration exposure, and very-high-speed motion picture) are described, and examples of typical photographs are presented.",
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    "abstract": "The servo circuits and mechanical design features of a television camera chain are described. The chain, in order to achieve flexibility and ease of operation, features remote control of lens selection and focus. Centralized functional controls are grouped together for operating convenience. The equipment is compact, light in weight and sturdy for field use, yet meets the' high performance standards required in the studio.",
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    "abstract": "A method and apparatus for butt-weld splicing motion picture film, not requiring the usual scraping or cements, are described. The principle is based on a combination of a controlled heat and cooling gradient applied under pressure within a given time cycle, and producing a homogeneous splice. Properties of the film are not affected, as the film is automatically preplasticized prior to splicing. The method may be used for all types of safety film.",
    "authors": [
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    "abstract": "At the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics we were confronted, some time ago, with the problem of lighting and photographing at 6000 frames/sec, the path of a missile 6 in. in diameter, traveling for a distance of 30 ft.",
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    "abstract": "A cinefluorographic motion picture camera and reduction printer using 70mm perforated negative film are described. The camera drive mechanism permits camera speeds up to 15 frames/sec. Prints can be made either on 35mm or 16mm positive film.",
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    "abstract": "The Douglas Aircraft Co. has gained considerable experience in the application of wide-angle optics to certain motion picture cameras, particularly at 200 to 500 frames/sec. The field of view used ranged from 140 to 160° full-cone angle, and aperture settings of the order of f/1.5 were obtained. Further, the extreme depth of field of the optical system was found to be a very useful feature. Experiences concerning the development of these wide-angle cameras are discussed.",
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    "abstract": "The new automatic film-threading motion picture camera designed and built by G. J. Badgley at the Naval Photographic Center provides: (1) a 16mm motion picture camera that can be easily loaded, quickly threaded and operated under adverse conditions normally encountered by naval photographers; and (2) a motion picture camera that can be used for recording of radar and television images appearing upon cathode-ray tubes.",
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    "abstract": "An animation stand engineered to meet all requirements of flat-bed stop-motion animation for 16mm and 35mm film is described. It is designed to combine ease of operation with facilities for the most intricate effects shots and special techniques. A unique peg and platen system allows larger field sizes than hitherto available on similar equipment. The use of ball bearings at all friction points eliminates power-driven mechanisms and simplifies maintenance.",
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    "abstract": "On January 8, 1953, the American Standards Association approved four new standards which are published on the following pages.",
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    "abstract": "The authors were careful to point out that this paper was of an essentially interim nature, and did little beyond defining some of the major difficulties with which those who seek to make motion pictures by a television intermediate process are faced.",
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    "abstract": "The U.S. Army Signal Corps' mobile television system is briefly described. In this system five vehicles — a transmitter bus, transmitter power bus, receiver bus, receiver power bus, and kinescope recording bus — are used to provide a complete television unit designed to meet training and operational requirements of the Army.",
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    "abstract": "The history of the use of semi-high-speed photography as a research tool for the study of the combustion process in gasoline engines at General Motors Research Laboratories is presented. The investigations consist of direct photography of the luminous combustion process as seen through quartz windows in the heads of several gasoline internal combustion engines. Both commercial cameras and cameras designed and built in these laboratories were used.",
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    "abstract": "Parameter limits in high-speed camera design and physical characteristics of photographic images limit the assessment accuracy of high-speed metric film records. The errors in film measurements range from 2 to 75 microns. Proper design of field instrumentation is required to minimize effects of reading errors in a measurement system for ballistic data.",
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        "name": "Amy E. Griffin"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes a method of using the high-speed camera in medical research on heart disease. Normal and abnormal human and animal hearts are photographed at high speed simultaneously with the electrocardiograph recording, to ascertain and to study the conditions revealed by similar electrocardiograms of human patients.",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "Joshua J. Fields"
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      {
        "name": "Louis Fields"
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      {
        "name": "Eleanor Gerlach"
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      {
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    "docTitle": "High-Speed Cine-Electrocardiography",
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    "number": "6",
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    "abstract": "Several new series of highly corrected lenses for high-speed motion picture and professional 35mm use have been designed with focal lengths ranging from 3.7 mm to 2000 mm. Mirror optics have been used for the longer focal length lenses. Particular optical design and fabrication problems are discussed with reference to mirror optics. Special optical devices to aid the high-speed photographer are discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "David C. Gilkeson"
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      {
        "name": "A. Eugene Turula"
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    "docTitle": "Optical Aids for High-Speed Photography",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "498–502",
    "publicationDate": "1952-12-01",
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    "abstract": "A high-speed framing camera of some general utility has been developed at the Los Alamos Scientific laboratory and operated up to 3,500,000 frames/sec. Use is made of a rotating mirror and 170 framing lenses working at f/26 to produce frame pictures 1.2 × 1.4 cm in size. Another model operating at 100,000 frames/sec has been made with 90 circular frames 2 cm in size.",
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    "abstract": "Acoustic problems arising in connection with the reproduction of sound films in an open-air theater are discussed. The proper arrangement of loudspeakers as well as the careful adjustment of their beam direction is of utmost importance. It is demonstrated that a uniform sound level with a considerable increase in volume can thereby be attained. Furthermore, as a result of the concentration of sound waves, a substantial increase in the frequency band will occur. The amplifier power necessary for the required acoustic output is calculated.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The use of the automatic torque controller permits the full advantages of torque motors to be realized for film take-up and holdback duty without being handicapped by their inherent limitations when operated in the conventional manner.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Edward P. Ancona, Jr., for the author, Carl E. Hittle, Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Engineering Products Dept., 1560 N. Vine St., Hollywood 28, Calif.",
        "name": "Carl E. Hittle"
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    "docTitle": "Automatic Torque Controller for Torque Motors",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01180",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "28–31",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Described is the development of a nonrotating device for the conversion of single-phase 115-v power to a three-phase 230-v form for the synchronous operation of cameras, sound recorders and other film pulling mechanisms associated with production of motion pictures.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "John G. Frayne for the author, A. L. Holcomb, Westrex Corp., 6601 Romaine St., Hollywood 38, Calif.",
        "name": "A. L. Holcomb"
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      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01181",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 1, July 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Three-Phase Power from Single-Phase Source",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01181",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "32–39",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This is a system for monitoring the light output of an arc projector during projection. It comprises a piece of optically flat glass, not silvered, placed in the projector light path, at an angle of 45°, and ahead of the film gate. The light thus thrown off to the side is measured by a photovoltaic light meter.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "George W. Colburn for the author, Harry P. Brueggcmann, Cinecolor Corp., 2800 W. Olive Ave., Burbank, Calif.",
        "name": "Harry P. Brueggemann"
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      "year": "1952"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01182",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 1, July 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Continuous Arc Projector Light Meter",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01182",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "40–43",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "The details of a rotating-drum camera are described. The camera is used to record displacement-time data for short cylindrical specimens made of a rubberlike material which are subjected to compressive impact loadings lasting from 5 to 20 milliseconds. The auxiliaries to the camera are discussed in light of the particular needs of a study being conducted on the dynamic properties of plastics and rubberlike materials.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "D. F. Muster and E. G. Volterra, Dept. of Mechanics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 16, Ill.",
        "name": "D. F. Muster"
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        "affiliation": "D. F. Muster and E. G. Volterra, Dept. of Mechanics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 16, Ill.",
        "name": "E. G. Volterra"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01183",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 1, July 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Use of a Rotating-Drum Camera for Recording Impact Loading Deformations",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01183",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "44–48",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The production of a motion picture is traced from the request stage through the Navy Film Board of Review, to production by either commercial contractor or the Navy Photographic Center. Film distribution is described, and also the special photographic services available to the film and television industries by the Naval Photographic Center's film depository.",
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        "affiliation": "LCDR Wilson R. Cronenwett, USN, Head, Motion Picture Branch, U.S. Naval Photographic Center, Anacostia, D.C.",
        "name": "Wilson R. Cronenwett"
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        "affiliation": "Dr. William M. Timmons, Educational Adviser, Naval Photographic Center.",
        "name": "William M. Timmons"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01184",
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    "docTitle": "The Navy's Training Film Production Program",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01184",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A number of nonsilver photographic, or light-sensitive systems such as those based on diazo dyes, have been used or proposed for specialized purposes. None of them, as yet, exhibits the sensitivity or the wide applicability of the silver process. This survey of the current status of these systems will discuss current limitations as well as possible future prospects with particular reference to the field of motion picture engineering.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Thomas T. Hill, The Edwal Laboratories, Inc., Ringwood, Ill.",
        "name": "Thomas T. Hill"
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "58–66",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Wheels have been turning for the Washington Convention ever since the Editorial-Papers Committee Meeting at Hollywood last October. In addition to specific plans for last April's Chicago Convention, general plans were laid for a year ahead and Joe Aiken, Papers Committee Vice-chairman for Washington, D.C., was welcomed and was promised cooperation from all present in his job as Program Chairman.",
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    "docTitle": "72d Semiannual Convention",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "67–68",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "Status of Proposed Standards: In the past year or so quite a few proposed standards have been published for trial and criticism. The status of these is outlined below to bring all concerned up to date.—Henry Kogel, Staff Engineer.",
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    "docTitle": "Engineering Activities",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01187",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "69–69",
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    "contentType": "opinion",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "70–71",
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    "docTitle": "Reply to the Letter Above",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "75–77",
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    "authors": [
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        "name": "H. I. Zagor"
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        "name": "George L. George"
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      {
        "name": "C. L. Amick"
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        "name": "Clyde R. Keith"
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    "abstract": "The ability of a photographic material to produce pictures having good definition is commonly referred to as its sharpness, which is a subjective concept. The objective quantity 〈G2x〉Av. DS is shown to be a physical measurement which correlates with sharpness judgments. 〈G2x〉Av is the mean of the square of the density gradients, ×D/×x, across an abrupt boundary between a light and a dark area in the developed image and DS is the density difference between these areas. 〈G2x〉Av is evaluated only for those values greater than 0.005 in density per micron which represents the threshold gradient. It is shown that, contrary to the generally accepted belief, resolving power does not correlate well with sharpness judgments and in some cases is even misleading.",
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    "docTitle": "The Nature and Evaluation of the Sharpness of Photographic Images",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "i–i",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The planning for the Telecinema is described, then the building and the projection equipment. Also discussed are the developing of stereoscopic cameras and new formulas, producing the films, and introducing stereophonic sound and large-screen live television shows. The success of various parts of the program is evaluated and possibilities for the future assessed.",
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        "name": "Raymond Spottiswoode"
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    "docTitle": "Progress in Three-Dimensional Films at the Festival of Britain",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "291–303",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This informal report describes the reaction of the audience to a most unusual programme of large-screen television, plus stereoscopic films accompanied by stereophonic sound.",
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        "name": "Norman Jenkins"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01198",
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    "docTitle": "The Cash Customers at the Festival of Britain Telecinema",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Heretofore, the task of recording sound on 16mm film has been a job for the engineer and the most aggressive amateur. With the advent of successful striping of 16mm film with magnetic coating, synchronized sound with picture is now a reality for a greater number of people. The instrument described in this paper has been designed to record, reproduce and erase magnetic sound track, as well as to reproduce photographic sound track of 16mm film.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "G. A. del Valle"
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    "docTitle": "Optical-Magnetic Sound 16mm Projector",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01199",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "312–322",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Use of two drums in tight-loop type of film-drive filter system solves the problem of film support in magnetic recorder-reproducer utilizing two separate magnetic head assemblies. Performance of filter system is analyzed.",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "Carl E. Hittle"
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "323–328",
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    "abstract": "The day is coming when television will be a basic distribution medium for the motion picture industry. Equipment requirements for this purpose may well be different and more exacting than those currently accepted for television broadcasting. A review of the present state of the art, from a description of modern television equipment and consideration of some of the factors involved in adapting television for motion picture use, enables one to make an “educated guess” as to the potential needs of Hollywood in the light of what is now possible.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Blair Foulds and E. A. Hungerford, Jr., General Precision Laboratory, Pleasantville, N.Y.",
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        "affiliation": "Blair Foulds and E. A. Hungerford, Jr., General Precision Laboratory, Pleasantville, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "A unique sprocket tooth whose driving face is a plane lying on a radius of the sprocket is used to improve longitudinal registration of the film over that obtained with conventionally shaped, curved-profile teeth. By supporting the film or films by means of an appropriately decentered drum while the films are in engagement with this sprocket, shrinkage accommodation is effected by virtue of the varying effective pitch of the sprocket. The variable-pitch effect also makes it possible to strip the film off the sprocket. — Calculated and measured flutter in sound prints and measured steadiness in picture prints made on a sprocket of this type in a 16-mm continuous contact printer are found to be substantially independent of film shrinkage and to be markedly better than in prints made on conventional printers.",
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        "affiliation": "J. G. Streiffert, Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park Works, Rochester 4, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "A description is given of the technical characteristics of carbon-arc lamps which make them outstanding for motion picture studio lighting. These include penetrating power, covering power, shadow sharpness and spectral properties of the radiation. These are considered in relation to the requirements of various types and sensitivities of color film.",
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        "affiliation": "W. W. Lozier, Carbon Products Service Dept., National Carbon Co., Division of Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Fostoria, Ohio",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A small head for magnetic recording and reproduction has been developed to fit within the area of the sound drum of a standard RCA-400, 16-mm projector. The head mounting is such that the projector can be used for the two magnetic functions as well as photographic reproduction. The amplifier modifications included increasing the amplifier gain, using various compensating circuits, decreasing the oscillator distortion and means for eliminating the possibility of leaving the record-playback head in a magnetized state. Two switches, mechanically coupled, have been provided to permit the selection of the desired amplifier function.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "E. E. Masterson, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. (formerly with RCA Victor Div.)",
        "name": "E. E. Masterson"
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      {
        "affiliation": "F. L. Putzrath and H. E. Roys, Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Camden, N.J.",
        "name": "F. L. Putzrath"
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      {
        "affiliation": "F. L. Putzrath and H. E. Roys, Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Camden, N.J.",
        "name": "H. E. Roys"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01219",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 57, Issue: 6, December 1951)",
    "docTitle": "Magnetic Sound on 16-Mm Edge-Coated Film",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01219",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "559–566",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new type of electric cine-interval industrial and research recording camera, designed to produce a compact and reliable remotely controlled unit, is described. Requirements of one of the more difficult types of photographic recording, that of test aircraft instruments, are discussed. The application and results of electromagnetic clutch, as used to operate the Automax Recording Camera as both a motion picture and a still camera, are described.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Arthur P. Neyhart, Guild Laboratories, 6264 Sunset Blvd., Hollywood 28, Calif.",
        "name": "Arthur P. Neyhart"
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    "docTitle": "Cine-Interval Recording Camera",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01220",
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    "number": "6",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "With the increased use of photographic recorders for military aircraft flight testing, there has been a need for an efficient film reading device to enable rapid evaluation of the recorded data. This paper not only introduces a projector-reader that meets this demand, but also suggests that, with certain modifications, it will be of use to the following: 1. draftsman or engineer, 2. film editor, 3. animator, and 4. rush film reviewer.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Walter M. Clark, Northrop Aircraft, Inc., Hawthorne, Calif.",
        "name": "Walter M. Clark"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Lee R. Richardson, Richardson Camera Co., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "Lee R. Richardson"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01221",
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    "docTitle": "Film Reader for Data Analysis",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01221",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "574–579",
    "publicationDate": "1951-12-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20and%20Television%20Engineers/57/6/9/",
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  {
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    "abstract": "MINOR REVISIONS of two American Standards, PH22.15–1946 and PH22.16–1947 (“Emulsion and Sound Record Positions in Camera for 16-mm Sound Motion Picture Film” and “Emulsion and Sound Record Positions in Projector for Direct Front Projection of 16-mm Sound Motion Picture Film”) were proposed by the Standards Committee in January 1951 and published for trial and comment in the May 1951 Journal.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01222",
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    "docTitle": "Revised Proposed Standards of Emulsion and Sound Record Positions",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "580–582",
    "publicationDate": "1951-12-01",
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    "abstract": "AT' THE SOCIETY'S 70th Semiannual Convention a new public address-recording system was used for the first time. This equipment had been engineered and assembled over the past six months by the Eastern Public Address and Recording Committee under the Chairmanship of Harry Braun and was assembled and tested at Society headquarters by Fred Whitney.",
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        "name": "E. W. Templin"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01223",
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    "docTitle": "Convention Public Address Committee Report",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01223",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "583–584",
    "publicationDate": "1951-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20and%20Television%20Engineers/57/6/11/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The following report has been recast in the past tense for Journal reading, compared with the form in which it was presented on October 13, 1951, to the Society's Board of Governors.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "L. D. Grignon"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1951"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01224",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 57, Issue: 6, December 1951)",
    "docTitle": "New Society Emblem—Report of the Special Committee",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01224",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "585–586",
    "publicationDate": "1951-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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    "abstract": "Motion pictures are not realizable as such until they are perceived by the brain through the eye. The manner in which the eye operates is dealt with, particularly those functions having to do with perceiving objects as solids. The intelligent employment of motion picture taking equipment now in use, in making it conform to the requirements of the eye, can result in an important contribution to three-dimensional perception from the screen. Some 15 aids in promoting the illusion of depth are dealt with in this paper.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "It is the purpose of proper lighting to mold the dimensions, transmit the plane, and give to motion pictures the necessary mood and beauty. The screen image is a modified light reflection of reality, and light is the main source of photographic construction. This paper deals with the all important necessity of successful production, the exposition of lighting as a method. The theory and its application in practice are discussed. The employment of the principles of illusion in achieving photographic presentation is considered.",
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        "affiliation": "Lieutenant, U. S. Signal Corps Signal Corps Photographic Center, Long Island City, N. Y. (Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, Hollywood.)",
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    "docTitle": "The Theory and Practice of Lighting for the Camera",
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    "number": "4",
    "pages": "254–271",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A simplified sound film theater reproducer is described. The machine holds the film under constant tension and has a minimum of moving parts.",
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        "affiliation": "Westrex Corporation, New York.",
        "name": "G. S. Appelgate"
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    "docTitle": "Westrex Standard Sound Film Reproducer",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01234",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The following article describes a new design of film reproducer which has brought the flutter content to a minimum, and which will maintain its low flutter rate regardless of ordinary wear and tear. Other unique features embodied in the design are a new optical system, rugged construction and ease of maintenance.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Industrial standards are by nature not static rigid limits that once established must be adhered to religiously for all time. They are subject to change as are the changing times and so must be reviewed, revised, and brought up to date periodically, if the industry that prepared them is to continue to look on them with favor.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01236",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "American Standards on Motion Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01236",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "284–309",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The membership of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers grew during 1945 from 1676 to 1966. This increase is consistent with the trend during the war years. While it is a healthy, normal growth, the Committee feels that in 1946 it could be materially accelerated. To a large extent the new members acquired during the last several years have consisted of men in the Armed Forces engaged in motion picture activities. However, it is obvious that there are still many competent engineers and scientists working in our industry who are not members and who undoubtedly would like to become members if they knew the requirements of admission.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "James Frank"
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    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01237",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Membership and Subscription Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "310–311",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01238",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Officers and Governors of the Society",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01238",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "312–314",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "To pass upon all applications for membership applications for transfer and to review the Student and Associate membership list periodically for possible transfers to the Associate and Active grades, respectively. The duties of each committee are limited to applications and transfers originating in the geographic area covered.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01239",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Committees of the Society",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01239",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "315–321",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/46/4/11/",
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      "active": true
    },
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    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The name of this association shall be SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE ENGINEERS.",
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01240",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Constitution and by-Laws of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers Constitution",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01240",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "322–333",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "In accordance with the provisions of Administrative Practices of the Society, the regulations of procedure for the Journal Award and the Progress Medal Award, a list of the names of previous recipients, and the reasons therefor, shall be published annually in the JOURNAL as follows.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01241",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Journal Award and Progress Medal Award",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01241",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "333–335",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/46/4/13/",
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    },
    "volume": "46",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The cash records of the Treasurer were audited for the year ended December 31, 1945, by Sparrow, Waymouth and Company, certified public accountants, New York, and are in conformity with the above report.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01242",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Treasurer",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01242",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01242",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "336–336",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/46/4/14/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "46",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Foreign language releases of American motion picture films were discussed by W. A. Pozner of MGM International Films Corporation, New York, at the meeting of the Atlantic Coast Section of the Society on February 13. The meeting was held in the auditorium of the Museum of Modem Art, New York.",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1946"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01243",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 46, Issue: 4, April 1946)",
    "docTitle": "Society Announcements Atlantic Coast Section Meeting",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01243",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01243",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "337–339",
    "publicationDate": "1946-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/46/4/15/",
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    "volume": "46",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "I feel somewhat concerned in attempting to address this eminent group of scientists and technicians. I am under the impression that you may expect me to embark upon a technical discussion of problems in sound reproduction and an evaluation, from the standpoint of the musician, of the effectiveness of the solution of those problems. Perhaps I am even expected to make criticisms and to suggest directions in which the musician feels that sound reproduction may be improved.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Howard Hanson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01244",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Résumé of an Extemporaneous Address by: At the Joint Meeting of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers and the Acoustical Society of America at Rochester, N. Y., May 5, 1941",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01244",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "449–451",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/37/11/4/",
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    "volume": "37",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01244C1",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Cover",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01244C1",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/37/11/1/",
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    "volume": "37",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "toc",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01244iiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01244iiA",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01244iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Editorial Board",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "In order to avoid audible flutter, the velocity of sound-films past the scanning light-beam must not vary more than about 0.1 per cent. Such precision can not be obtained solely by constant speed motors and high-quality gears. Mechanical filters must suppress the “drive side” disturbances originating in motor, gear-train, and sprocket-teeth, and the “load side” disturbances due to variations in the film and in the friction load. Early designs filtered only the drive-shaft rotation and steadied the film by recording on a large sprocket drum. Filtered sprockets in combination with fixed reproducer gates were not adaptable to modern requirements and were superseded by film-driven damped impedance drums(rotary stabilizers). The recommended design avoids the troublesome inner flywheel bearings by a liquid stabilizer and overcomes the uncertain filtering properties of film compliance by means of elastic driving sprockets.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "W. J. Albersheim"
      },
      {
        "name": "D. MacKenzie"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01245",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Analysis of Sound-Film Drives",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01245",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "452–479",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This paper presents definitions of the three general types of carbon arcs used in the motion picture industry, the distinction between them being based upon the origin and the character of the radiation in each case. In the low-intensity arc, the principal light-source is incandescent solid carbon at or near its sublimation temperature; in the flame arc, the entire arc stream, made luminescent by the addition of flame materials, is used as the light-source; while the high-intensity arc is one in which, in addition to the light from the incandescent carbon, there is a significant amount of light originating in the gaseous region immediately in front of the carbon. With these concepts as a basis, the theory of light generation in each case is presented with the object of further clarifying the distinction between the three types of carbon arcs.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. G. MacPherson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01246",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "A Suggested Clarification of Carbon Arc Terminology as Applied to the Motion Picture Industry",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01246",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "480–484",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This paper shows, both from previous data and fundamental considerations, the close control of carbon position necessary to obtain constant light on the projection screen, particularly with reflector-type high-intensity carbon arc lamps. Review of the characteristics of this type of lamp and optical system reveals that in order to obtain constant light on the screen it is necessary to avoid variation of carbon position and changes in arc current due to line-voltage fluctuations. Methods of arc control employing photoelectric cells and bimetallic thermostats directly responsive to carbon position have been analyzed with regard to their applicability for this purpose. Some examples of these have been constructed and have demonstrated that automatic devices of simple construction are capable of maintaining constant the intensity, distribution, and color of the light on the projection screen.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "D. J. Zaffarano"
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      {
        "name": "W. W. Lozier"
      },
      {
        "name": "D. B. Joy"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01247",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Improved Methods of Controlling Carbon Arc Position",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01247",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "485–501",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This symposium on projection comprises three parts: (1) Projection Room Equipment Requirements; (2) The Projection Room—Its Location and Contents; and (3) Factors Affecting Sound Quality in Theaters.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. J. Sefing"
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    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01248",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Symposium on Projection: Prepared for the Projection Practice Committee and Presented at the Rochester Convention: Projection Room Equipment Requirements",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01248",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "502–505",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. R. Prater"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01249",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "The Projection Room—Its Location and Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01249",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01249",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "506–510",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "37",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Adolph Goodman"
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    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01250",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Factors Affecting Sound Quality in Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01250",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01250",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "510–515",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/37/11/12/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "37",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Recent years have seen improvements in still and movie stereoscopy that have given impetus to their commercial exploitation. The developments that have resulted in their commercial acceptance have been in the nature of refinements rather than in radically new devices. Experimental work on many such new devices has received notice in the public press and in technical journals.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. A. Norling"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01251",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Progress in Three-Dimensional Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01251",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01251",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "516–524",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "More and more attention is being given to the naturalness and clarity of reproduction of sound in motion picture theaters. To accomplish these it is necessary to improve not only the equipment in both the theater and the studio, but also the acoustics, and to reduce noise in both the theater and in the sets where the sound is recorded. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the acoustic and noise problems encountered in recording, and to describe ways in which these problems have been met. This includes a discussion of the ways of minimizing reverberation in outdoor scenes on a sound-stage; of reducing sound resonance between ceiling and floor, and between parallel walls of sets; of reducing reflection from concave surfaces, nearby hard walls, windows, table and desk tops; of reducing resonance in small rooms such as telephone booths, boat and train interiors. Also included is a discussion of the progress recently made in reducing equipment noises such as those from cameras, background projection machines, arc lamps, wind machines, treadmills, etc., and ways of reducing noises caused by actors and horses on hardwood floors, gravel walks, and on raised structures, such as artificial hills built of wood; and of noise created by artificial rain. The control of outside noises such as those of traffic, aeroplanes, and wind is discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "William L. Thayer"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01252",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Solving Acoustic and Noise Problems Encountered in Recording for Motion Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01252",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01252",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "525–534",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Letter ballots taken by the SMPE Standards Committee recently gave approval to two projects, viz., (1) the designation of the direction of winding 16-mm film perforated along one edge, and (2) the method of edge-numbering 16-mm motion picture film. These projects have been approved by the Board of Governors and are published here in accordance with the Standardization Procedure adopted recently by the Board.",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01253",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Standards Committee",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01253",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "535–538",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the Conventions of the Society, symposiums on new motion picture apparatus are held in which various manufacturers of equipment describe and demonstrate their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "M. T. Jones"
      },
      {
        "name": "W. W. Lozier"
      },
      {
        "name": "D. B. Joy"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01254",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "A New 13.6-MM High-Intensity Projector Carbon",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01254",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01254",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "539–543",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1941"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01255",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 37, Issue: 11, November 1941)",
    "docTitle": "Current Literature of Interest to the Motion Picture Engineer",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01255",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01255",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "544–544",
    "publicationDate": "1941-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Unlike political subdivisions of this earth, the moving picture world has two capitals. Last April we were entertained in the production capital at Hollywood, California, and from all reports, our meeting was considered about the most successful we have ever had. This fall, the financial, exhibition, and distribution capital is our host, and those of us who live here, welcome you to our city and to the halls of our convention.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. A. Williford"
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    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01256",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Welcome by the President to the 1939 fall Convention at New York (October 16-19, 1939)",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01256",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01256",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "603–604",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/33/12/4/",
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    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01256C1",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Cover",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
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      "year": "1939"
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    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1939"
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    "number": "12",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "contentType": "toc",
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01256iiA",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Nearly 250 members and guests of the Society assembled at the Fall, 1939, Semi-Annual Banquet held at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, N. Y., on October 18th. Guests at the speakers' table were: President and Mrs. Williford; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Meyer of Paramount Picturcs, Inc.; Mr. and Mrs. D. E. Hyndman; Dr. L. A. Jones, recipient of the 1939 Progress Medal; Dr. Alfred N. Goldsmith, citationist for Dr. Jones; Dr. H. T. Kalmus, recipient of the 1938 Journal Award; Mr. E. P. Curtis, citationist for Dr. Kalmus; Mr. C;. F. Lewis, Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation; Mr. E. G. Hines, International Projector Corporation; and Mr. J. I. Crabtree, Editorial Vice-President. After introducing those seated at the speakers' table, President Williford announced the results of the annual election of officers for 1940 which were as follows.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
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    "docTitle": "Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Banquet of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers Hotel Pennsylvania New York, N. Y. October 18, 1939",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "605–611",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Some problems involved in the production of satisfactory three-dimensional motion pictures have not received much mention in the literature dealing with stereoscopy. Their practical solution has contributed marked improvements to the three-dimensional picture of today. The fundamental problem in projecting three-dimensional pictures is that of providing a “right-eye” picture that will reach only the right eye and be prevented from reaching the left eye, and to do the same for the “left-eye” picture. To attain this result two methods have been employed with success, namely: the “anaglyph” in which substantially complementary colors are employed in the viewing devices, and polarized light. The screen surface upon which three-dimensional pictures are projected by polarization methods is of extreme importance. The selection of the proper type of screen raises real problems but these also have been overcome in a practical way.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. A. Norling"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01258",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Three-Dimensional Motion Pictures",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01258",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "612–634",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "An electroöptical method of producing reverberation synthetically is described. The method employed consists in recording the original program on the rim of a phosphor-coated disk by means of a modulated light-source and then picking up the continuously decaying sound images after a predetermined time interval by means of photocells. The exponential decay curve of the phosphorescent substance produces an infinite number of secondary sound impulses to which any desired decay characteristic can be applied. This reverberation signal is then mixed with the original program in the proportion required. This new reverberation device has been employed in radio broadcasting and can be used in phonograph as well as in motion picture sound recording, where the scenic effect or script requires a type of sound which, due to the deadness of the sound stage, might not readily be available. This device would replace the use of so-called echo chambers, at the same time introducing an appreciable amount of flexibility without degrading the quality of the original sound.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Peter C. Goldmark"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paul S. Hendricks"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01259",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Synthetic Reverberation An Electroöptical System for Controlling the Reverberation of Sound Signals",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01259",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "635–649",
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    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The use of the optical penumbra to obtain linear variable-intensity light-modulation has already been described. The present paper shows how to obtain non-linear penumbras having predetermined intensity-amplitude characteristics. By this means it is possible to compensate optically for non-linear relation between negative exposure and print transmission known to exist in the variable-density system. Variable-density noise-reduction has been obtained by moving the penumbra vane at right angles to the optical axis in accordance with the volume of the original sound. If a fixed penumbra vane is placed close to the movable vane, it forms an optical end-stop which limits the deflection of the penumbra after it has reached a predetermined position. The optical characteristics of penumbras formed by two displaced vanes are also shown. For a given amplitude of galvanometer-mirror vibration, the extent of the light-modulation is determined by the penumbra height at the recording slit. The penumbra height may be varied by moving the penumbra vane along the optical axis. Either compression or expansion of the sound volume obtained from a film record may be effected by causing the penumbra vane to move along the axis in accordance with the volume of the original sound. Such a system is described in detail. A combined system is also described which permits both noise-reduction and compression to be obtained by the use of a single shutter and noise-reduction amplifier.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "G. L. Dimmick"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01260",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Optical Control of Wave-Shape and Amplitude Characteristics in Variable-Density Recording",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01260",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01260",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "650–663",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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    "volume": "33",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Progression from standard variable-area types of recording to class A push-pull and finally from class A to class B push-pull was primarily motivated by an appreciation of the inherent advantages of the push-pull types of recordings, and an ability to perfect processing and recording controls necessary to realize the finer qualities of the class B push-pull recording. The adoption of class B push-pull variable-area for original recording has eliminated distortion introduced by noise-reduction systems, and has reduced background noise by at least 6 db.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "D. J. Bloomberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "C. L. Lootens"
      }
    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01261",
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    "docTitle": "Class B Push-Pull Recording for Original Negatives",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01261",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "664–669",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "33",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A new method of transmission and reproduction of line images, e. g., drawings, is described which utilizes a cathode-ray tube for reproduction, the spot of which is made to trace out the lines of the image 20 or more times a second. The steps of the complete process are: first, the transcription of the line image into two tracks similar to sound-tracks on moving picture film; second, the production from these tracks of two varying potentials by means of photoelectric pick-up devices; third, the transmission of these potentials; and fourth, their application to the cathoderay deflector plates to effect reproduction. Satisfactory transmission of fairly complex images, e. g., animated cartoons, could be effected within a total band-width of 10,000 cycles.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "A. M. Skellett"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01262",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "A Transmission System of Narrow Band-Width for Animated Line Images",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01262",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01262",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "670–676",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "33",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A television film chain with particular reference to amplifier, sweep and power circuits in the film pick-up unit is described. Many improvements in television circuits have been made possible by recent advances in circuits and circuit components in radio and allied electronic fields. Application of some of the newer ideas to motion picture film pick-up equipment has resulted in improved performance and simplicity of operation. Circuit arrangements which permit flexibility in transmission standards are considered and their application discussed. Also the anticipation of possible future improvement in picture quality is indicated in some circuit capabilities.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "R. L. Campbell"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01263",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "Television Control Equipment for film Transmission",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01263",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01263",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "677–689",
    "publicationDate": "1939-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/33/12/11/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The “time telescope” or combination time-lapse and photoelectric exposure control machine speeds up imperceptible motion. The variable-exposure control with exposure modulator gives either a gradual change in density, or equal average frame densities regardless of spectral or intensity changes in subject lighting. It corrects for failure of film to follow the reciprocity law. Photoelectrically regulated, it automatically exposes the subject properly regardless of changes in color, area, and average light intensity during or between exposures. Long periods of time between exposures make possible the use of a small fixed diaphragm (f/256).",
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        "name": "C. P. Veber"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the Conventions of the Society, symposiums on new motion picture apparatus are held, in which various manufacturers of equipment describe and demonstrate their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "A. Shapiro"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01265",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 33, Issue: 12, December 1939)",
    "docTitle": "A New Classroom 16-MM Sound Projector",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "number": "12",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The editors present for convenient reference a list of articles dealing with subjects cognate to motion picture engineering published in a number of selected journals. Photostatic copies may be obtained from the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., or from the New York Public Library, New York, N. Y. Micro copies of articles in magazines that are available may be obtained from the Bibliofilm Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.",
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    "docTitle": "Society Announcements: Amendments to the By-Laws",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A new 13.6-mm. super-high-intensity carbon is described which will burn at currents as high as 190 amperes and which has a higher intrinsic brilliancy and a more uniform distribution of light across the crater face than the regular 13.6-mm. carbon rated at 120 to 130 amperes. Tests comparing the light projected upon a projection screen by this new carbon and by the regular carbon show conclusively that the available light has been increased by at least 30 per cent. The arc lamp used with the carbons must be properly designed to take care of the increased current and carbon consumption.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The present trend in the motion picture industry is toward more extensive use of the high-intensity carbon arc in both the theater and the studio. From the earliest days, progress in the industry has been attended by constant demands for more light and for light of better quality. The high-intensity arc is the most effective means of satisfying these demands, and promises in a short time to dominate the field of theater projection and to extend its field of application in studio lighting.",
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        "affiliation": "National Carbon Company, Inc., Carbon Sales Division, Cleveland, Ohio.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01269",
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    "number": "3",
    "pages": "253–259",
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    "abstract": "The advantages of concentrating the source of gas-filled incandescent lamps are discussed, and the various forms available and their application to optical systems and reflectors are shown. Data regarding the temperature (color and maximum) of the various types of lamps are presented, and the similarity of the radiation of incandescent lamps to that of a Planckian radiator of suitable temperature is indicated. Curves showing the amount of light emitted at various wavelengths or colors for all lamps of interest to the motion picture industry are presented, in terms of both equal visual output and equal wattage. A discussion of the energy in the ultraviolet region and the effect of glass bulbs and lenses concludes the paper.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Sound insulated stages are required for the production of sound pictures. Stages required to house a number of sets should be made acoustically dead. Stages consisting of only one set, such as scoring stages used for recording music, should have acoustical characteristics comparable to those of the concert hall. A scoring stage should not only have the proper reverberation time-frequency characteristic but, in addition, the wall and ceiling surfaces should be broken up in order to diffuse the sound. Measurements made on a stage where sound reflection from the floor was not prevented indicated the effect upon the frequency characteristic of a prominent first reflection. The use of more than one microphone for pick-up may lead to difficulties comparable to those experienced with stages having prominent reflection. Characteristic charts showing these effects are discussed in the paper. Rules, based upon the preliminary experimental work described, are given for avoiding poor quality where it is deemed necessary to use more than one microphone for pick-up.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Electrical Research Products, Inc., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "D. P. Loye"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01271",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Acoustic Considerations in the Construction and use of Sound STAGES",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01271",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01271",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "267–283",
    "publicationDate": "1936-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Directivity has been found to be desirable in sound-collecting systems to improve the ratio of direct to generally reflected sounds and otherwise to discriminate against undesirable sounds. The bidirectional ribbon microphone is a pressure-gradient instrument, in which the response corresponds to the velocity component in a sound-wave. The pressure ribbon microphone is resistance controlled, and the response is a measure of the pressure component in a sound-wave. Combination of the outputs of the pressure and velocity ribbon microphones produces a unidirectional characteristic. This microphone has been found to be useful in sound motion picture recording, radio broadcasting, and sound reinforcing systems in which the desired sounds originate in front and the undesired sounds to the rear of the microphone.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Manufacturing Co., Camden, N. J.",
        "name": "H. F. Olson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01272",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "A Unidirectional Microphone",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "284–301",
    "publicationDate": "1936-09-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Wave-form distortion in variable-density records caused by improper track processing and the ribbon velocity effect of the light-valve is considered from both theoretical and experimental standpoints. General agreement between calculated and experimental values of second-harmonic distortion is attained. Observed values of third-harmonic distortion are considerably greater than those predicted by the theory. Data obtained indicate that rather high values of distortion may result due to non-linearity of the relation between negative track exposure and print transmission.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "Burton F. Miller"
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    "docTitle": "Harmonic Distortion in Variable-Density Records",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "302–314",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Experiments conducted for the purpose of achieving stereoscopic effects upon the screen are based upon projecting the stereoscopic pairs to the screen through red and green fillers such that equal quantities of energy will be transmitted to the eyes of the observer, which are fitted with spectacles of the two colors. It is stated that this means avoids the eye-strain attendant upon other methods.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Paris, France.",
        "name": "L. Lumière"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01274",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Stereoscopy on the Screen",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "315–320",
    "publicationDate": "1936-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The construction and theory of operation are described of the electron-image tube, which consists of a photosensitive cathode, a fluorescent screen, and an electron optical system which focuses the electron “image” from the cathode upon the viewing screen. Due to the wide spectral response of the cathode, the tube can be used to convert infrared, visible, or ultraviolet images into visible images upon the fluorescent screen. The electron optical system is discussed and its analogy to the conventional optical system is shown. To reproduce an image faithfully the electron “lens” system must be corrected for various aberrations. Methods of making these corrections are indicated, and applications of the device are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Manufacturing Co., Camden, N. J.",
        "name": "G. A. Morton"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01275",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "The Electron-Image Tube, a Means for Making Infrared Images Visible",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01275",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "321–330",
    "publicationDate": "1936-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the Conventions of the Society, symposiums on new motion picture apparatus are held, in which various manufacturers of equipment describe and demonstrate their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.",
        "name": "I. R. Smith"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01276",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "New Motion Picture Apparatus: Copper-Oxide Rectifiers for Motion Picture ARC Supply",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01276",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01276",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "331–341",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The application of the copper-oxide rectifier as a d-c. power supply for projection is by no means new. A fan-cooled type of copper-oxide rectifier was developed by the General Electric Co. in 1930, and applied successfully to the low-intensity type of lamp as well as the Hi-lo lamp.<sup>1</sup> With the advent of the Suprex type of arc an entirely new field has been opened up. The characteristics of the copper-oxide rectifier have been found to be admirably well adapted to the special voltage and current requirements of the Suprex arc and in this service it is rapidly supplanting other types of equipment.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "General Electric Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut.",
        "name": "C. E. Hamann"
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    "pages": "341–347",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "348–352",
    "publicationDate": "1936-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01279",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 27, Issue: 3, September 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Fall, 1936, Convention: Rochester, New York Sagamore Hotel October 12—15, Inclusive",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "3",
    "pages": "353–359",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Investigating the possibilities of stereo photography in connection with the study of art and other subjects in schools and colleges, the various properties and the historical development of stereo are analyzed, and the significance of the outstanding steps in the development pointed out. After reviewing the theoretical conditions for accurate reconstruction of the binocular visual image, the practicability of the system using polarized anaglyphs is demonstrated and the advantages of stereo and its probable use in education discussed.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Smith College, Northampton, Mass.",
        "name": "C. Kennedy"
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      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01280",
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    "docTitle": "The Development and use of Stereo Photography for Educational Purposes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01280",
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    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "3–17",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01280C1",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, 1936)",
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    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01280iiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
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      "year": "1936"
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    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Editorial Board",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The recent misunderstanding concerning the 16-mm. sound-film standards has emphasized the need for close coöperation with other standardizing bodies, especially those in Europe. Various proposals to that end have been made, among which were: (1) That the Engineering Vice-president be requested to appoint several European members of the SMPE to the Standards Committee, in order that they may establish a direct liaison between this Committee and the European Committees. (2) That copies of minutes of the meetings of this Committee be sent not only to such foreign members, but also to the secretaries of other Societies interested in motion picture technology and standardization both here and abroad, and to a selected list of persons who might be expected to offer criticisms or suggestions.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01281",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Standards Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01281",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "18–20",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/5/",
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    "volume": "26",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "As noted in the Spring report, the Sound Committee has addressed itself to four main projects. Upon the first of these, namely, that of establishing Primary and Secondary Frequency Reference Standards, considerable work has been done, principally because the Committee regards this project the most important, and for that reason concentrated its attention upon it. This report, therefore, will be restricted to that phase of the Committee's work.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01282",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Sound Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01282",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "21–27",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "In the motion pictures which you have just witnessed is exemplified the keynote of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers from the day of its inception, nearly twenty years ago, until today as we open this Thirty-Eighth Convention of the Society. Nor will the keynote change as the Society continues down the years in service to the industry and to its membership, for that keynote is “Progress.” Likewise it is the theme of my message to the Society this morning.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. G. Tasker"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01283",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Presidential Address",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01283",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "28–37",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/7/",
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    "volume": "26",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The trend of development of continuous photographic processing, from the beginning of the art to the more recent elaborations of equipment, is discussed from the point of view of the patents issued from 1886 on. An appendix contains a list of patents describing minor improvements and refinements in processing equipment.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "H. D. Hineline"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01284",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Continuous Photographic Processing",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01284",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01284",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "38–53",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/8/",
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    "volume": "26",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The subject of optical printing is discussed with particular reference to the problems involved and the requirements for good results. After outlining the requisites of a simple printer for registration printing and straight duping, the printer used in the Camera Effects Department at the RKO Studio is described in detail. The paper concludes with a brief description of some of the special work done upon this printer.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Camera Effects Dept., RKO Studios, Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "Lynn Dunn"
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    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01285",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Optical Printing and Technic",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01285",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01285",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "54–66",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The problem of wide-range reproduction in theaters is discussed with reference to the amplifier output power capacity; the importance of accurate adjustment of equipment; special installation technic; acoustic diagnosis for positioning of high-frequency, mid-range, and low-frequency units; volume setting; and diagnosis of acoustic treatment of backstage interference.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. P. Maxfield"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Electrical Research Products, Inc., New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "C. Flannagan"
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    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01286",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Wide-Range Reproduction in Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01286",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "67–78",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Results of investigations on sources of direct current for the non-rotating, high-intensity reflecting are are presented. Data are given on the operating characteristics, including efficiency and power-factor.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Hertner Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio.",
        "name": "C. C. Dash"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01287",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "An Investigation of Sources of Direct Current for the Non-Rotating High-Intensity Reflecting ARC",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01287",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "79–88",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "26",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A brief review of the development of 16-mm. sound-film projection and the possible progress in industrial, educational, and non-theatrical uses.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Ampro Corp., Chicago, Ill.",
        "name": "A. Shapiro"
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    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01288",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Trends in 16-MM. Projection, with Special Reference to Sound",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01288",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "89–94",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/12/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the Spring Convention at Hollywood, Calif., May 20—24, 1935, a symposium on new motion picture apparatus was held, in which various manufacturers of equipment described and demonstrated their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Mole-Richardson, Inc., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "E. C. Richardson"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01289",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Symposium on new Motion Picture Apparatus: A Wide-Range Studio Spot Lamp for use with 2000-WATT Filament Globes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01289",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01289",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "95–102",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/13/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "26",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The S. C. K. projector (Fig. 10) is intended for continuous projection from a large loop of film during long periods of time. The machine is equipped with a single magazine into which is built the non-rewind device. Pictures may be projected upon a reflecting screen in the usual way or upon a translucent sand blown glass screen. For the latter type of projection the various elements in the sound reproduction system can be rearranged in thirty-five seconds. The machine is provided with an automatic cut-off, which, in case the film breaks, stops all moving parts as well as the light and the sound, before the film travels eight frames.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "S. C. K. Corporation, Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "A. B. Scott"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01290",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "An Automatic Daylight Continuous 35-MM. Projection Machine",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01290",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01290",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "102–104",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/14/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
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    "volume": "26",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The “Diffusionlite system,” the term applied to this form of illumination, was discovered more or less accidentally after repeated efforts to get away from the use of expensive condensers or diffusers during a long period of years of constructing large projecting and enlarging cameras. It was found that by using a mirror at the front of the lamp and projecting all the light upon an electrolytically treated aluminum surface the result was excellent. The light reflected from the myriads of microscopic brilliant facets formed a beam of illumination that was uniform, well distributed, and without perceptible “spot” or “center” or figuration, yet remarkable in its brilliancy and penetration. The resulting enlargements were more beautiful than any we had produced before. This led us to seek a means of employing the same principle for studio lighting. An object could then be photographed with a perfectly diffused light without having to interpose glass or silk screens and thus lose considerable brilliancy.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Vitachrome, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.",
        "name": "A. C. Jenking"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01291",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "The Vitachrome Diffusionlite System and its Application",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01291",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01291",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "104–106",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/26/1/15/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "26",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1936"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01292",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 26, Issue: 1, January 1936)",
    "docTitle": "Society Announcements",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01292",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01292",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "107–108",
    "publicationDate": "1936-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "future-events",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01293",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Calendar",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01293",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "226–226",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/4/",
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    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01293C1",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Cover",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/1/",
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    "volume": "91",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01293iiA",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Table of Contents",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01293iiA",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/2/",
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    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01293iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Editorial Board",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01293iiiiA",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01293iiiiA",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/3/",
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    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "… But if he who desires to have before his eyes a true picture of the events which have happened, and of the like events which may be expected to happen hereafter in the order of human things, shall pronounce what I have written to be useful, then I shall be satisfied. - Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Stephen C. Chamberlain"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01294",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Point of View: Preserving the Present for the Future",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01294",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01294",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "227–228",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/11/",
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    "volume": "91",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "An agreement has been reached between the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and the European Broadcasting Union concerning the most important parameters for digital television signal origination. It is now possible to proceed with standardization of the videotape recorder. The parameters that must be considered toward this goal are discussed. Conclusions are reached about the basic standardization principles that must be taken into account. It is stated what parameters must be standardized and which ones will not preclude compatibility if not standardized.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Jürgen K. R. Heitmann"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01295",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "An Analytical Approach to the Standardization of Digital Videotape Recorders",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01295",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "229–232",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/12/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new feature-length printing system is described. As an integral part of the cleaning operation, the negatives are wound on 18-in cores and assembled in a full-feature roll. A modular film winder is used for this operation. The modular winder is added to the printing machine. Corresponding full-length positive rawstock rolls are made up and spliced where necessary, with the splices falling exactly on the frame lines. A 64 K-byte 16-bit microcomputer controls the printer operation and provides constant machine-running information to the operator. Enumerated are the new system's advantages with respect to print quality, economic aspects, operational flexibility, and negative protection. The system has been in use since 1979. A paper presented at the 123rd annual SMPTE Technical Conference, October 25-30, 1981, Los Angeles, Calif. Author: Rank Film Laboratories Ltd., London, England.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Colin F. Mossman"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01296",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "A 4000-Meter Printing System",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01296",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01296",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "233–236",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/91/3/13/",
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    "volume": "91",
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    "abstract": "The author discusses early contributions to the art of recording sound by photographic methods made by several Bell-related organizations, using mementos of these contributions as examples. Photographic plates with spiral soundtracks (1884-1885) from the Volta Laboratory of Alexander Graham Bell and his associates are examined. Copies of both variable-density and variable-area examples are shown. Later work done at Western Electric and Bell Laboratories at the advent of talking pictures is discussed, with film clip samples salvaged from early experiments (1923 and 1929) with the light valve system developed by E. C. Wente for providing sound on film. Concurrent developments in associated fields are also described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "F. K. Harvey"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1982"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01297",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 3, March 1982)",
    "docTitle": "Mementos of Early Photographic Sound Recording",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01297",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01297",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "237–244",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A study is reported of intrafield predictive coding of composite NTSC television signals sampled at four times the color subcarrier frequency (14.3 MHz). The choice of predictor was found to be governed by three constraints, which are described. Of several predictors which satisfied these constraints, it was determined that one of them performed the best. A procedure for designing quantizers for composite signals was developed based on a three-parameter piecewise-linear approximation to the quantizer error threshold function. Observations of picture quality were made using real-time processing on a mixed hardwarelsoftware experimental facility, from which it was concluded that between 5 and 6 bitslpel were required for broadcast quality. Preliminary results were obtained on the effect of composite predictive coding on the vertical interval test signals (VITS). Our observations indicate that the waveform distortion criteria applied to VITS give some indication of granular noise visitility (in the SNR measurements); these criteria, however, are too severe in their requirements for slope overload distortion and do not consider edge busyness, an important temporal impairment in predictive coding.",
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      {
        "name": "R. C. Brainard"
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      {
        "name": "A. N. Netravali"
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      {
        "name": "D. E. Pearson"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01298",
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    "docTitle": "Predictive Coding of Composite NTSC Color Television Signals",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01298",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "245–252",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Modern CSI (compact source iodide) and CID (compact iodide, daylight) lamps have proved to be efficient sources of light for outside location television and film work. They are smaller, lighter, and cooler than comparable tungsten lamps, and require far less power. Because of these factors, the BBC found them to be a practical solution to lighting the immense area of St. Paul's Cathedral for the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana. This paper describes the problems and solutions in arranging the lighting for this event.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Head of Lighting, Outside Broadcasts; BBC Television, England.",
        "name": "Bryan Wilkes"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01299",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "253–259",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The EBU has been actively considering the question of digital television coding parameters for some 10 years now — although most of the work directed specifically to studio applications has taken place during the past two years or so. This article summarizes the evidence considered by the EBU from the point at which all of its active members had decided that component coding was the best approach. It was on the basis of the evidence presented in this article that the EBU Technical Committee decided to propose a 13 1/2: 6 3/4: 6 3/4 sampling standard",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Research Department, British Broadcasting Corp., Surrey, England. Mr. Jones is also Chairman of EBU Specialist Group VI-VID.",
        "name": "A. H. Jones"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01300",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Video Coding Standards: Factors Influencing the Choice in Europe",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "3",
    "pages": "260–265",
    "publicationDate": "1982-03-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "An important aspect of safety in a motion-picture laboratory is safelight illumination for maximum visibility in darkroom areas. An understanding of the concepts of darkroom safelighting requires examining the phenomena of human visual perception, the sensitivity characteristics of photographic materials, and the operating characteristics of safelighting equipment. Laboratories can optimize their darkroom illumination by utilizing the proper type of safelight equipment, positioning it effectively in the darkroom work areas, and periodically evaluating its level of illumination for photographic effect.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The idea of recording television signals on a disc apparently originated with James Logie Baird in the early 1930's. He made several records using audio record cutting techniques. In 1961, 3M realized that the surface of a phonograph record was smooth enough and the replicated detail had enough resolution to carry full-bandwidth television signals. The company then contracted with SRI International to determine the feasibility of making television discs. After considering alternatives, SRI decided to concentrate on optical recording on high-resolution photographic plates using light from a high-pressure mercury arc. By June 1963, a number of videodiscs containing motion picture programs had been made. Working independently, 3M developed electron beam recording equipment that permitted real-time recording with improved resolution, as well as techniques for replicating videodiscs using cast plastic coatings.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Philip Rice"
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      {
        "name": "Richard F. Dubbe"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Radio and television systems are often required to be of high reliability because of the competitive nature of the media; breakdowns can cause loss of audience and thus loss of business revenue. High reliability is defined as having a long time between failures, but in broadcasting it is often the case that minimum downtime is even more important than maximum time between failures. In this case the provision of a redundant system (rather than spare parts) is preferable as it enables a faster recovery to be made. Similar arguments apply to ancillary services such as air conditioning and emergency power. When every precaution has been taken, it is advisable also to consider contingency plans to cover major disruptions due to fire, intrusion, or labor disputes. Such occurrences, although relatively rare, are likely to be as frequent as failure of the high-reliability technical systems.",
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        "affiliation": "Engineering Headquarters, Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Quebec, Canada.",
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    "pages": "153–157",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper summarizes two years of successful experience with sodium persulfate bleach in reversal and negative/positive motion-picture processes. First, the important parameters governing persulfate bleach performance are reviewed. Then, the major advantages in using persulfate bleach are discussed. Finally, our experience at Kodak with persulfate bleach has led to several changes in process specifications, which are discussed in detail. These changes include a new sound developer formula that makes repairing misapplication errors of sound developer easier, a persulfate bleach accelerator additive that increases the accelerator tank solution life, and a simplification in the bleach tank formula.",
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    "abstract": "Flight has always been a popular subject for motion picture and television productions. A new system called “Scene-Sync” enables cameras to pan through an arc of up to 90 degrees, while making use of the technique of chromakey. This makes it possible to economically re-create many aerial shots in the studio - instead of having to use conventional means.",
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    "abstract": "The trimmer changes required to compensate for variations in processing or print film batches can be calculated from measured differences in density between a test print and the laboratory standard. To obtain reliable trimmer corrections, a method is given here which takes into consideration the relation between density and trimmer changes as a function of density of the print. All calculations can be done with a programmable pocket calculator.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Tucson lens system was specifically designed to solve problems in hemispheric motion picture projection applications. This fisheye lens system combines ordinary 35-mm projection machinery and 4-perforation film with an optical soundtrack to produce a visual environment that surrounds the audience in a domed theater, such as that used in a planetarium. The f/3 lens system is comprised of 15 elements in two principal sections, and projects a 23-mm fisheye image through a 180° angle onto a 30- to 60-foot concave theater screen. The lens is designed to correct the distorted film image and presents a surprisingly realistic full-sky image. This paper provides the background information on the development of the Tucson lens system and design considerations that went into its creation.",
    "authors": [
      {
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01320",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 91, Issue: 2, February 1982)",
    "docTitle": "The Tucson 35-mm Fisheye Projection Lens",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "176–179",
    "publicationDate": "1982-02-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The method used to obtain a video signal from a circular plastic medium has taken several forms in its ultimate product-type definition. Product design philosophy has been predicted on perceived market segments and achievable efficiency of scale for player and disc manufacturing. The combination of these elements, in an order of priority that most fits the manufacturing organization, has resulted in technological differences for each format. The consequence of these differences, that four basic formats continue to exist, are discussed in this report.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "C. Robert Paulson"
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      {
        "name": "Michael J. Doyle"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01321",
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    "docTitle": "The Video Disc System: A Technical Report by the SMPTE Study Group on Video Disc Recording",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01321",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "180–185",
    "publicationDate": "1982-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "SMPTE Vice-President for Educational Affairs 1980–81",
        "name": "Herbert E. Farmer"
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      "year": "1982"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01335iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Editorial Board",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "European producers will offer some 450 feature pictures during 1931. Leading producing countries are Germany, offering over 150 German dialog pictures, England some 140 sound features, and France over 100 Frenchdia log films for the year 1931. Europe is rapidly wiring its theaters, as indicated in the 10,400 wired theaters during 1931 as compared with the 4950 theaters wired during 1930, over a 100 per cent increase in the short space of one year. Elimination of legislation detrimental to American interests occurred in France during 1931, and a tightening up of quota legislation was continued in Germany. Agitation to increase the quota percentage to 50 per cent in the United Kingdom gained very little headway, while other countries that have become picture conscious are trying to encourage their own production through subsidies, contingents, or taxes, as the case may be. Coupled with the problem of European production competition and the artificial trade barriers set up by European governments, is that of supplying European countries with dialog pictures in their native tongue. While the above obstacles appear difficult to surmount at the present time, the ingenuity of American technicians and producers will find a way to solve these problems to the extent of producing a sufficient quantity of foreign dialog films at a cost that will bring a fair return on their investment.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "C. J. North"
      },
      {
        "name": "N. D. Golden"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01336",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "The European Film Market-then and now",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01336",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01336",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "442–451",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A new type of disk record, known as the Victrolac record, is described. The material of which it is made is a thermoplastic resin, which must be cooled before being removed from the mold. The paper discusses briefly the characteristics of this material, the time of playing of records made of it, operating features of the tone arm and pick-up system, resonance characteristics of the tone arm, and the characteristics of the chromium needle.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Victor Co., Camden, N. J.",
        "name": "F. C. Barton"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01337",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Victrolac Motion Picture Records",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01337",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01337",
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      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "452–460",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/18/4/6/",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The limits of illumination available in a projector are fixed by three factors: the size and brilliance of the light source, the effective aperture of the optical system and the design of the condensing lenses. In modern 16 mm. machines of the standard type, about 100 to 120 lumens are available through an f/2 optical system; these values, which are not corrected for shutter and film losses, mean that 1.6 to 2.0 per cent of the total radiation is being used. The use of low voltage lamps has not changed this ratio to any extent. The effect of varying each of the above factors is discussed, and the increase in screen brightness that is likely to be obtained is estimated.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "A. A. Cook"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01338",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Optics of Projectors for 16 MM. Film",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01338",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01338",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "461–470",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "18",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The need of properly conditioning air in motion picture film processing plants is pointed out and the values of temperature and relative humidity in current use in such plants are indicated. In particular, the process of humidifying, in which pure silica which has passed through the sol and gel stages of manufacture, commonly called silica gel, is used, is described. The principles involved in the process and the efficiency of the method in controlling the condition of air are explained, and curves are given showing the efficiency of adsorption.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Consulting Engineer, Baltimore, Md.",
        "name": "E. C. Holden"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01339",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Silica Gel Air Conditioning for Film Processing",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01339",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01339",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "471–478",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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      "active": true
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    "volume": "18",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A description is given of apparatus with which the rate of decay of sound energy in a room may be measured. A loud speaker is used as a source of sound. When the sound reaches a steady state the loud speaker circuit is opened and at the same time a timer is started. When the sound energy has decayed to some definite value the timer is automatically slopped. If made in a portable form this equipment may be used to study the acoustical properties of auditoriums. Attention is called to the errors which may occur in these measurements.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "V. L. Chrisler"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Bureau of Standards. U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.",
        "name": "W. F. Snyder"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01340",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Measurements with a Reverberation Meter",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01340",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01340",
    "issn": {
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "479–487",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "status": {
      "active": true
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    "volume": "18",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A method is set forth for the derivation of dimensions and locations of the final projection print and all camera, printer, and recording apertures, consideration being made for film weave, shrinkage, and mechanical tolerances in the apparatus involved in producing and projecting the film. — Two methods of producing films are considered: (a) Projection positive print made from a 16 mm. dupe negative by continuous contact printing, where the dupe negative is made by optical reduction of the 35 mm. picture from a master positive and the sound re-recorded from a 35 mm. sound track, and (b) production of the projection positive print from a 35 mm. picture negative by optical reduction and re-recording of the sound from the 35 mm. sound film directly to the final 16 mm. positive. The method provides for modification of these processes so that any combination can be used.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Victor Co., Camden, N. J.",
        "name": "Russell P. May"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01341",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "16 mm. Sound Film Dimensions",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01341",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01341",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "488–502",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "18",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "There are at the present time two standards of 35 mm. film perforation, one known as the Bell & Howell perforation for negative films and the other the rectangular perforation for positive films, both of which have been approved and adopted by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. Unfortunately, the use of these two standards introduces complications found detrimental in certain types of work, which indicate the advisability of having a single standard. It is felt that the rectangular style of perforation has advantages that it is desirable to retain. An alternative standard is proposed that will combine the advantages of both the present styles, and which, at the same time, can be used on practically all existing equipment without alteration of that equipment. Means are also suggested for shortening the transitional period of such a change-over.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "A. S. Howell"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Bell & Howell Co., Chicago, III.",
        "name": "J. A. Dubray"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01342",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Proposed Change in the Present Standards of 35 MM. Film Perforations",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01342",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01342",
    "issn": {
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "503–511",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/18/4/11/",
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      "active": true
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    "volume": "18",
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          "id": "orphan/10.5594-J01342/bibr1-10.5594_J01342",
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    "referencedBy": [
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A new reproducer employing a vertical turntable and floating pick-up is described. The reasons for the radical departure from conventional design and the advantages resulting from this departure are briefly referred to. The reproducer is of the portable type, being housed in a compact lightweight carrying case.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Victor Animatograph Corp., New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "A. F. Victor"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01343",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "The Animatophone a new Type 16 MM. Synchronous Disk Reproducer",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01343",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01343",
    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "512–516",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/18/4/12/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "18",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Extremely large auditoriums present acoustical difficulties which do not readily yield to the customary methods of analysis and correction. This is illustrated by measurements of the time of reverberation, made in the Madison Square Garden, New York, N. Y., which revealed a considerable discrepancy between theoretical expectations and the times actually measured throughout the frequency range. At 500 cycles, for example, analysis of the auditorium indicated a decay period of 35.5 seconds, whereas the time actually measured by the spark chronograph reverberation meter was only 7.6 seconds. On the basis of the measured time, 47,000 square feet of one-inch rock wool were installed. This material was distributed in a manner calculated to suppress undesirable discrete reflections as well as to reduce the general reverberation time. The result was a reduction in the measured time to 3.5 seconds and the complete elimination of acoustic difficulties. Present reverberation formulas do not possess sufficient generality to justify application to enclosures which are extremely atypical in size or shape. Until such formulas are developed, reliance must be placed on actual measurements.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Electrical Research Products, Inc., New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "S. K. Wolf"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01344",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "The Acoustics of Large Auditoriums",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01344",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "517–525",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/18/4/13/",
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    "volume": "18",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "At the Hollywood Convention, a paper was presented by Mr. Ben Schlanger<sup>1</sup> entitled “Reversing the Form and Inclination of the Motion Picture Theater Floor for Improving Vision.” As a result of the discussion which followed, it was suggested that the Sound Committee consider what difficulties this type of structure might present from an acoustical standpoint.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. B. Santee"
      },
      {
        "name": "M. C. Batsel"
      },
      {
        "name": "P. H. Evans"
      },
      {
        "name": "R. C. Hubbard"
      },
      {
        "name": "N. M. La Porte"
      },
      {
        "name": "W. C. Miller"
      },
      {
        "name": "H. C. Silent"
      },
      {
        "name": "R. V. Terry"
      },
      {
        "name": "S. K. Wolf"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1932"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01345",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 18, Issue: 4, April 1932)",
    "docTitle": "Committee Activities: Report of the Sound Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01345",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "526–529",
    "publicationDate": "1932-04-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "18",
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    "abstract": "In order to show in a practical way that digital component videotape recording at 230 Mbit/sec is technically feasible with a tape consumption comparable to that of a one-inch analog VTR, an experimental digital VTR was demonstrated at the First SMPTE Demonstration of Component-Coded Digital Video. This recorder could successfully record 14:7:7 component-coded digital-video data. The error-correction procedure worked quite satisfactory, with no visible impairment being observed — even after the 23rd generation. Some technical aspects and results of the experiments are given.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Communication Products Group, Sony Corporation, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshitaka Hashimoto"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Communication Products Group, Sony Corporation, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Takeo Eguchi"
      }
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      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01358",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Component Video Recording at 230 Mbit/sec",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01358",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "939–941",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In order to investigate the technical feasibility of a digital composite/component interface using a line-locked sampling frequency, a set consisting of an experimental NTSC digital decoder with a nonadaptive two-dimensional comb filter and an encoder operating at a data rate of 912 samples per line was realized as a part of the component-coded digital VTR system which was demonstrated at the First SMPTE Demonstration of Component-Coded Digital Video. Some technical aspects and experimental results are given. Other technical aspects are still under investigation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "R & D Division, Communication Products Group, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshitaka Hashimoto"
      }
    ],
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01359",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Decoding and Encoding of the NTSC Signal at 912 Samples per Line",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "942–944",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper contains a brief description of the RGB and the NTSC codecs used during the First SMPTE Component-Coded Demonstration of Digital Video. Each unit operates at the luminance/chrominance sampling ratio of 4:4:4 and is capable of running at any of three demonstration clock rates. Operating the above units in any tandem combination, as well as with a digital interface with units of the other Demonstration participants, yielded acceptable picture quality. In the Appendix the codec matrices between RGB, YUV, YIQ, and Y, R - Y, and B - Y of the digital interface are postulated. The relationship of Y, R - Y, and B - Y to the composite video signal is indicated. The numerical relationships described in this paper are independent of clock frequencies and luminance/chrominance sampling ratios.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Digital Video Systems of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
        "name": "John D. Lowry"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Member of the Design Engineering Department at Digital Video Systems, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.",
        "name": "Peter T. H. Kwa"
      }
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      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01360",
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    "docTitle": "Coder/Decoder Units for RGB and NTSC Signals",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "945–948",
    "publicationDate": "1981-10-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The analog filtering performed in conjunction with component digital video systems has a dramatic effect on picture quality. This paper discusses filter trade-offs for several levels of a hierarchy of component digital television systems and illustrates the effects of these trade-offs on picture quality. The optimization of subjective picture quality results in unconventional filter characteristics and challenges the headroom* requirements that are often cited for digital video systems.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Laboratories, Princeton, N.J.",
        "name": "Glenn A. Reitmeier"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01361",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 10, October 1981)",
    "docTitle": "The Effects of Analog Filtering on the Picture Quality of Component Digital Television Systems",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01361",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01361",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "949–955",
    "publicationDate": "1981-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The concept of a binary hierarchy or family of TV picture quality levels is described. A family of digital filters designed for such a binary hierarchy is introduced. The main advantage provided by these filters is that they can be used to perform most up-conversion and down-conversion processes while utilizing essentially the same hardware components, the same boards, and the same layout. The filter's function is changed by means of wire jumpers and external control signals. The family concept can be extended to more complex filters. The use of these filters in the Digital Hierarchy Demonstrations is described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Digital Television Development, CBS Technology Center, Stamford, Conn.",
        "name": "John P. Rossi"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01362",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 10, October 1981)",
    "docTitle": "A Simple Family of Digital Filters for a Binary Hierarchy",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01362",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "956–959",
    "publicationDate": "1981-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/10/11/",
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    "volume": "90",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Large-scale picture quality assessments of digital video signals have been performed by the SMPTE as part of its efforts to help achieve internationally compatible digital television standards. Observer panels composed of a large number of television specialists examined over 500 still video images using internationally accepted procedures for subjective testing. The experiment was designed to reveal the effects on picture quality of three sampling rates (768, 864, and 912 samples per line) and three chroma ratios (1/1, 1/2, and 1/4) in a system based on Y, R − Y, and B - Y signal components. In addition, a sub-Nyquist luminance rate of 1/2 was examined. Picture quality was judged in three contexts - directly at the system output, in a simulated NTSC environment at the system output, and in a simulated picture processing environment at the system output using color matting and picture expansion as the principal processes. Results show chroma ratios to be more important than sampling rate for direct display and color matte systems. When interfaced with the NTSC system, quality distinctions between chroma ratios are obscured. Even the sub-Nyquist rate produces picture quality comparable to NTSC. Given the complexity of organizing experiments of this nature, it seems unlikely they will be repeated in the near future. The results reported here are therefore unique and should be valuable in planning future digital television systems.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Quebec, Canada.",
        "name": "David Bennett"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01363",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Component-Coded Digital Video — Picture Quality Assessments",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "960–967",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Frank Davidoff, Inc.; Chairman, Task Force on Digital Coding of the SMPTE.",
        "name": "Frank Davidoff"
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    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01364",
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    "docTitle": "Afterword: SMPTE Digital Video Activities — Achievements, Conclusions, Future Objectives",
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    "number": "10",
    "pages": "968–971",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Athanasius Kircher has been identified with the magic lantern for centuries - often being called the device's inventor. Although Kircher did develop a projection lantern late in his career, the apparatus was developed and introduced before him by inventors such as Christiaen Huyghens, Thomas Walgensten, Richard Reeves, Pierre Petit, and Francesco Eschinardi. Whatever plaudits are deserved by the inventor of the lantern, a device that after all was the progenitor of the film projector, they rather appear to belong to Huyghens, who had a lantern ready by 1659.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "TV Guide , National Programming Department, Radnor, Pa.",
        "name": "H. Mark Gosser"
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    "copyright": {
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    "docTitle": "Kircher and the Lanterna Magica — A Reexamination",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "10",
    "pages": "972–978",
    "publicationDate": "1981-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abstract": "A comparison is made between the representation of some simple signals in the time domain and in the frequency domain. Waveform and spectrum displays are examined for a cosine wave, a square wave, and a pulse train. The examination leads to the introduction of the function known as the sinc function. Reciprocal relationships between the time domain and the frequency domain are stated.",
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    "abstract": "This paper describes a range of high efficiency tin/indium halide lamps, which possess excellent color rendering properties, making them highly suitable for daylight film lighting. Designed in 1- and 2 1/2-kW ratings, major advantages offered by these light sources are excellent maintenance of optical characteristics through the rated life, and excellent stability of the emission spectrum against changes in lamp power dissipation over a range of 2:1. Operation of the lamps from conventional ballasts is discussed, together with flicker-free operation from both dc power supplies and square wave ac semiconductor ballasts.",
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    "abstract": "For the broadcasting of television images the camera lens is of vital importance. Lenses with variable focal length are particularly suitable. Vario (zoom) systems of three and four optical assemblies plus lenses of modular construction and their optical design are illustrated. The potential applications are shown and various examples are used to graphically represent in MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) values the image formation quality obtained.",
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    "abstract": "The development of the iconoscope camera tube made television broadcasting possible. The orthicon tube overcame some shortcomings of the iconoscope; a further advancement led to the image orthicon, which could operate with a much lower light level. Next to be used in broadcasting was the vidicon, which used an antimony sulfide target. For many years the only choices for pickup tubes were the image orthicon (for studio and field applications) and the vidicon (for film transmission). The Plumbicon, introduced in 1965, was the first vidicon-type tube to use a semiconductor target (lead oxide). This approach to tube construction led to a variety of pickup tubes and camera designs. Two recent examples, which are discussed, are the Saticon and Newvicon tubes.",
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    "abstract": "I first met Vladimir Zworykin in Moscow in 1959. It was a momentous event because President Eisenhower and Chairman Kruschev agreed to the first cultural and scientific exchange between America and the Soviet Union. Detente was to replace the “Cold War,” and 400 U.S. engineers, scientists, and other experts converged at the American National Exhibition in Sokolinki Park.",
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    "abstract": "V. K. Zworykin came to the United States more than 60 years ago. In a long and fruitful life, he has gained worldwide fame and acclaim and has been honored by his peers with many awards and decorations. Over a hundred U.S. Patents have been issued to his name and the list of his published writings is most numerous and impressive. From his first television camera tube and his famous meeting with RCA's Sarnoff, to the birth of the Iconoscope and the Kinescope, and all that was to follow, a vivid description of his life's work is given.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The range of vertical movement provided by today's camera mounting equipment is analyzed in terms of cost. Analysis shows that lens heights below 3 1/2 feet (1.07 meters) and above 6 feet (1.83 meters) are difficult and expensive to obtain. Suggestions are made with regard to the form that future camera mountings or supports could take, when the use of small portable cameras becomes widespread. These small camera supports would give camera heights from 1 1/2 to 9 feet (46 centimeters to 2.74 meters), but would require the cameraman to learn new skills to operate them.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Director, W. Vinten Ltd., Edmunds, Suffolk, England.",
        "name": "William P. Vinten"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01426",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 7, July 1981)",
    "docTitle": "The Cost of Camera Mobility — New Possibilities",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01426",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01426",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "597–601",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes the current status of teletext in the USA, covering: (1) the standardization activities of the Teletext Subcommittee of the EIA/BTS Committee, (2) the CBS petition to the FCC, and (3) the local network on-air experiments being conducted to evaluate various systems.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "President, Telegen, Palo Alto, Calif.",
        "name": "Joseph Roizen"
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    "docTitle": "Teletext in the USA",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01427",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "This paper describes an experimental digital videotape recorder that uses trilevel magnetic recording and improved Fire-code error-correction techniques. The S/N ratio obtained was almost the same as that obtained with the conventional NRZ method. The VTR that has been demonstrated records in two magnetic channels at the same rate of tape consumption as an analog VTR. The optimum tape format is under investigation.",
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        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Yoshizumi Eto"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Seiichi Mita"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Yasuhiro Hirano"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Toshiaki Kawamura"
      }
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      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01428",
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    "docTitle": "Experimental Digital VTR with Trilevel Recording and Fire Code Error Correction",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01428",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "611–614",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Joseph A. Flaherty, Vice-president, Engineering and Development for the CBS Television Network, is the Executive Vice-president of the Society of Motion Pictures and Television Engineers for the 1981-1982 term.",
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      "year": "1981"
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    "docTitle": "Joseph A. Flaherty SMPTE Executive Vice-President 1981–1982",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01429",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "615–618",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "volume": "90",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Annual Mini-Conference organized by three SMPTE Sections — Montreal/Ottawa/Quebec, Rochester, and Toronto — was held April 24–25, 1981 at Toronto. Theme of the conference was Film for Television. Eleven technical papers presented at the Saturday morning and afternoon sessions ranged in content from the highly technical to papers of special interest to the users.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 7, July 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Montreal/Ottawa/Quebec – Rochester – Toronto 1981 Mini-Conference",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "616–618",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01431",
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    "docTitle": "Training Seminar for Section Chairmen: Chicago, May 1–3, 1981",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "619–620",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/7/12/",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "content-announce",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01432",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 7, July 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Standards and Recommended Practices",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "621–624",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1981"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01433",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 7, July 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Proposed SMPTE Engineering Guidelines",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "625–625",
    "publicationDate": "1981-07-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01434",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 7, July 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Cinematography — Projection Reels for 8-mm Type S Motion-Picture Film for Use with Projection Cassettes — Dimensions and Specifications",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01434",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01434",
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    "number": "7",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Joseph Roizen"
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      {
        "name": "Alex Alden"
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    "docTitle": "Report on the 59th Annual NAB Convention: Las Vegas, April 12–15, 1981",
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    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Working Group Chairman, SMPTE Video and Recording and Reproduction Technology Committee. He is Vice President of Engineering, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., Stamford, Connecticut.",
        "name": "Richard T. Monroe"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01436",
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    "docTitle": "The Interchange of Quadruplex Cartridge/Cassette Tapes on Spools",
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    "abstract": "To satisfy the need for a smaller and lighter color TV camera with reduced power consumption, a pickup tube for an 18-mm electrostatic-focus magnetic-deflection pickup tube has been developed. A new photoconductive target, based on the Saticon* target, that is appropriate for a pickup tube of a consumer-use TV camera has also been developed. The combination of a high-performance stripe filter integrated faceplate and a new type of photoconductive target was effective in solving a number of problems.",
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        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Electron Tube Division, Mobara City, Japan.",
        "name": "Hideyuki Sakai"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Electron Tube Division, Mobara City, Japan.",
        "name": "Satoru Miyamoto"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Electron Tube Division, Mobara City, Japan.",
        "name": "Hiroichi Sokei"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Electron Tube Division, Mobara City, Japan.",
        "name": "Tatsuhiko Iida"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Hitachi Ltd., Electron Tube Division, Mobara City, Japan.",
        "name": "Mitsuo Ichikawa"
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    "abstract": "Two new Fujicolor films, a negative and a print film, are presented. The negative, designated as Fujicolor Negative Film A 250 (types 8518 and 8528, in the 35-mm and 16-mm formats respectively), has an exposure index 250 speed rating under tungsten illumination. Its structure, speed under various lighting conditions, sensitometry, and other characteristic properties are described and illustrated. The Fujicolor Positive Film HP (types 8814 and 8824, in the 35-mm and 16-mm formats respectively) is similarly commented on.",
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        "affiliation": "Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami Ashigara-Shi, Kanagawa Ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Hisao Kishimoto"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami Ashigara-Shi, Kanagawa Ken, Japan.",
        "name": "Sadayuki Yamaryo"
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        "name": "Makoto Hara"
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    "abstract": "In Japan, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.) is taking the initiative in developing a high-definition wide-screen television system as a target for future broadcasting systems. Investigations have been carried out on the relationships among three parameters: picture size, number of scanning lines, and visual impact—using both a film simulation method and a real television system. As a result of these investigations and taking into consideration the currently available technology, the provisional number of scanning lines was set at 1125; and an experimental camera, 70-mm film telecine, and contour corrector have been developed. For a display device, a 30-in (76-cm) color CRT receiver with 5:3 aspect ratio has been built. Two transmission systems have been developed: one in which two separate carriers are frequency modulated by the luminance and chrominance signals respectively and another system which transmits a composite color signal using a color subcarrier. A transmission test has been carried out with the Experimental Broadcasting Satellite (12 GHz, 100 W for each of two channels), and very attractive pictures and sound were received using a 2.5-m diameter receiving antenna. A countermeasure against attenuation due to rainfall in future 22-GHz systems is also proposed.",
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    "abstract": "The basic design for continuous contact printer transport systems has remained virtually unchanged for over half of a century. Nevertheless, film transport speeds for release printing have steadily increased due to the need for more improved laboratory efficiency. Advances in electronics technology now make it possible to greatly simplify the film transport system design, for improved operational efficiency and print quality. In addition, simpler film transport system designs will also be easier on the film itself, thereby greatly lengthening useful negative life. A description is given of the new film transport system employed in the Bell & Howell Model 6123 continuous contact release printer.",
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    "abstract": "Experimental results are presented for the first stage of research at NHK on the magnetic recording of a high-definition television (HDTV) signal. The method makes use of a combination of technologies: a wideband Mn-Zn ferrite recording head, a high-speed rotating γ-Fe2O3 coated flexible disk, and FM techniques with high carrier frequency and wide deviation. The result so far has been the successful storage of a monochrome baseband signal up to 18 MHz with high picture quality. A SNR of 40 dB (p-p, rms) has been obtained.",
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    "abstract": "A brief review is made of the sources that introduce distortion into the recordings of optical sound on film. One is the aperture (slit) width of the sound recorder, which may cause amplitude distortion and rectification effects. Other sources of distortion are light scattering in the negative emulsion, variations in process sensitometry, and other process and photographic sources, such as the Eberhard and Ross effects, and the individual characteristics of specific photographic materials and processes. A delicate operation is the transfer of the information contained in the sound record negative to the print film. Causes of distortion during the transfer phase are discussed. Next, distortion balance methods, that is, methods for the correction or cancellation of distortion, are enumerated. A new and simplified method for obtaining distortion balance is described in detail. This method is based on the light-spot scanning of peaks and valleys at selected ordinate distances from the zero axis of the soundtrack. It is intended for evaluating the photographic materials without interference from other elements of the sound recording system, such as the recorder, the printer, and the sound reader. The functioning and application of the new method is described in detail. Experimental data show that this new method correlates well with the conventional cross modulation method, but is much simpler and easier to incorporate into the customary sensitometric control routines of a motion picture processing laboratory.",
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    "abstract": "Lens quality is a vital factor in obtaining good television pictures. The Independent Television Companies Association (ITCA) asked the Scientific Instruments Research Association (SIRA) to design an apparatus which, while having neither the absolute precision nor the range of possibilities of a laboratory instrument, would, nonetheless, make it possible to verify the degree of conformity of lenses with the standards established by the British television services. The resulting design comprises four components: a pinhole object generator, an analyzer unit, and an electronic unit. The equipment permits measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the lens, glare, stray light, paraxial transmission and spectral transmission, relative field illuminance, and transverse chromatic aberration. The units, which are easily transportable, can be used in production centers and allow the rapid measurement of the mentioned lens characteristics. Good correlation has been achieved between this equipment and other apparatus.",
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        "name": "T. Wojtowicz"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01499",
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    "docTitle": "A Television and Film Lens-Testing System",
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    "abstract": "A new technique for producing high quality montage chromakey pictures which were not obtainable by the conventional chromakey method has been developed by NHK. In early chromakey methods, gating signals with steep rise and fall times were shaped from the chromakey blue signal. Frequently the borderlines of the pictures produced were very unnatural. In later systems, gating signals with gentle rise and fall times are obtained from the chromakey blue signal, avoiding any clipping or stretching procedures. These gating signals control the level of the foreground key camera video signal and the level of the background video signal to be combined with it, so that the borderline of the two pictures will look more natural. In addition, a blue color killer circuit is provided, in order to eliminate the blue border between the two pictures, caused by the key camera signal. In the new technique, the color killer circuitry operates on the encoded signal rather than on the RGB signals normally used for the purpose. Furthermore, this new blue color killer circuit can be used as a color converter, not only for the blue color but also for other colors, to obtain special color effects. Because the operation is on an encoded signal, it is much easier to integrate into an existing studio complex. Some of the results are illustrated.",
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      {
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    "abstract": "Multiple generation copies of videotape recordings are, even today, still subject to considerable reductions in quality. At the present time, it is difficult to foresee any progress being made in the tape, head, and amplifier fields which will bring about any noticeable improvement, as long as the analog FM recording method is retained. On the other hand, recording with digitized video signals would bring definite improvements without incurring any basic disadvantages such as increased tape consumption. The quality of copies (generations) would, with the exception of dropouts, no longer be influenced by the machine. At the moment, tape recorders with rotating head arrangements offer the highest storage density by far and, for this reason, are particularly suitable for digital video recording. Wavelengths of approximately 1 μm, using a corresponding code of 2 bits/μm, can be read with certainty. A track width of 40 μm yields a S/N ratio better than 26 dB and a corresponding BER (bit error rate) of about 10-6. Including safety margins, a recording density of 3 Mbit/cm2 can be achieved. Assuming that a future European digital video system will use a data rate of approximately 160 Mbit/s, a transport velocity of about 24 cm/s is required when 1-in tape is employed. A tape speed close to 24 cm/s is customary for the present generation of helical-scan machines in the 625-line system, recording analog signals.",
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      {
        "name": "Hubert Foerster"
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    "docTitle": "Digital Video Recording in the 625-Line System",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "As soon as semi-permanent pictures were obtained in the infancy of photography, investigators quickly developed methods to obtain measurements from these photographs, a technique that was called photogrammetry. This paper concentrates on those aspects of the subject that pertain to analysis and reduction of data collected on motion picture film at cine or highspeed frame rates. Even though an individual photograph taken at a precise instant contains much information, two pictures separated by a time interval offer even more information. Along with the development of motion picture techniques, suitable projectors were also developed to enable efficient analyses to be made. The stop motion projectors now in common use were eventually developed. The field is rapidly changing, and many innovations are evolving. Digitizing devices that have been developed to increase speed and accuracy in data reduction are described. Advances in solid state electronics make it possible to add many special features to digitizing equipment, some of which are enumerated. Information from the equipment can be transmitted to computers for the necessary processing.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Executive Vice-President at L-W International, 6416 Variel Ave., Woodland Hills, CA 91367.",
        "name": "David M. Stern"
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    "docTitle": "Evolution of Photographic Data Management",
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    "pages": "116–120",
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 90, Issue: 2, February 1981)",
    "docTitle": "Sustaining Members",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01519",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01519",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "178–178",
    "publicationDate": "1981-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/90/2/25/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "90",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes a system for high quality sound reproduction from film in synchronism with the showing of motion pictures in theaters having a seating capacity of 1200 or less. A sound reproducing attachment is mounted upon each standard picture projector and is belt-driven by a common motor unit. The sound reproducing attachment houses a photo-electric cell which converts a light beam intercepted by the film sound track into electrical energy. Suitable preliminary amplifiers mounted upon independent pedestals amplify the output voice frequency energy of the photo-electric cell to a level suitable for further amplification by the main amplifiers. A control cabinet provides for switching and attenuating the sound circuits before being led to the main amplifiers and thence to the loudspeakers.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "G. Puller"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01520",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "A New Sound Reproducing System for Theaters",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01520",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01520",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "131–143",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/4/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01520C1",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Cover",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01520C1",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01520C1",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/1/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "toc",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01520iiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01520iiA",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01520iiA",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/2/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01520iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers — Editorial Board",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01520iiiiA",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01520iiiiA",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/3/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The writer points out that by using a smaller number of reproducing units, fewer technical difficulties are involved in sound installations. With this in mind, a super-electrodynamic speaker has been designed, paying proper attention to the following requirements: (1) high air-gap flux density, (2) size of voice coil, (3) material and design of magnetic circuit, (4) design of air-gap face to provide large uniform air-gap density, (5) small leakage flux. The acoustical coupling between the loudspeaker and the auditorium which it is to serve must be considered in installing sound equipment, and is a matter upon which the success of the installation finally depends.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Consulting Engineer, Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "I. B. Serge"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01521",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Improvements in Design of Dynamic Speakers",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01521",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01521",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "144–147",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/5/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J08032"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "President Crabtree: The matter of obtaining a wide screen picture and better sound reproduction should be freely discussed by our members. To what extent would putting the sound and picture on separate films contribute to these ends? There is no question that the quality of sound reproduction must be considerably improved, especially that of music, if the public is to remain interested very much longer. The reproduction of speech, I think, is quite good, but the quality of music is very poor, in my estimation.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01522",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Reproducing Sound from Separate Film: Open Discussion at the October, 1930, Meeting at New York, N. Y.",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01522",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01522",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "148–158",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/6/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Four adaptations of the comparison microscope are described. One is an instrument for comparing two ¾ × 1 in. pictures. Another is a sound track photometer. The third is an instrument for measuring graininess, and the fourth is for checking film dimensions. The principles of application and methods of use are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Redpath Laboratory, DuPont-Pathé Film Mfg. Corp., Parlin, N. J.",
        "name": "O. E. Conklin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01523",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Some Applications of the Comparison Microscope in the Film industry",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01523",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01523",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "159–167",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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        "orphan/10.5594-J01523/bibr1-10.5594_J01523"
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    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/7/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
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    "referencedBy": [
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The Stereoscope is nearly a century old. Stereoscopic photographs were made almost simultaneously with the first practical photographic pictures, and stereoscopic projection devices for still pictures have been known for over seventy years. Motion pictures in relief, when viewed through red and green filters, one for each eye, have been shown too often to be now a novelty. Fundamentally, stereoscopic vision requires that two eyes, related physiologically and psychologically, each view separately distinctly different pictures. Unless the taking, printing, projecting, and viewing of pictures are all done in such a way as to prevent the left eye from seeing what the right eye sees, there is no license to characterize the system as stereoscopic. This paper discusses several available methods for independent left and right eye vision.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, General Electric Co., Schenectacy, N. Y.",
        "name": "John Bellamy Taylor"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01524",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Some Observations of Stereoscopic Projection",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01524",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01524",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "168–173",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/8/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J08032"
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    "docDependancy": true,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Mr. La Porte: During the past ten months we have been engaged in the development of apparatus for taking, processing, and exhibiting of pictures. We have used up to this time the 65 mm. width, not because that width is the only width, nor that we should not consider changing it, but for reasons which are of particularinterest. We had previously worked with a width of 56 mm. That width was chosen on the basis of the present 35 mm. height using standard perforations and doubling the width in order to make the width-to-height ratio equal to two to one.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01525",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Methods of Securing a Large Screen Picture: Open Discussion at the December, 1930, Meeting of the New York Section",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01525",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01525",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "174–187",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/9/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J15787",
      "10.5594-M00098"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Although a simple process of color photography yielding a print which faithfully reproduces the colors of nature is greatly needed, most of the research at the present time is being directed to the perfection of color motion pictures. Another equally important field is the use of color photography in photomechanical printing processes, as colored illustrations have come into very extensive use during the past fifteen years. The work of different investigators may naturally be divided into (1) still photography, including color photographs to be viewed by transmitted light and by reflected light, and (2) motion picture color photography. Almost from the first years in which motion pictures were used commercially, about 1895 to 1900, experimenters have been working on methods of producing them in natural colors. The only practical processes enjoying any extensive commercial use in the theaters, however, are subtractive processes in which the color is incorporated in the film. These subtractive processes, however, are only two-color methods and therefore a true spectral record is not realized. One additive process has had extensive application for amateur motion pictures for over two years. Within the past year a large number of color motion pictures have been released with sound accompaniment so that the ultimate is being approached in motion picture photography, namely, pictures in color and sound.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "Glenn E. Matthews"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01526",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "Processes of Photography in Natural Colors",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01526",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01526",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "188–219",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/10/",
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    "volume": "16",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The development of sound motion pictures, utilizing electrical reproduction of sound, has caused a convergence of the technic of radio broadcast transmission and reception and the technic of the sound motion picture studio and theater. The approaching advent of home sound motion pictures and television broadcasting may be expected to bring the engineering methods still closer together. Paralleling this engineering approach, there are indications of a similar and coöperative integration of the corresponding industries. The establishment of a great entertainment center in New York City, based on this evolutionary plan, is described in the paper. In this “Entertainment City” are to be combined radio broadcasting studios, recording facilities, auditoriums, executive offices of corresponding entertainment enterprises, and a group of large theaters and concert halls of various types.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Radio Corporation of America, New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "Alfred N. Goldsmith"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01527",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 16, Issue: 2, February 1931)",
    "docTitle": "An Entertainment City",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01527",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01527",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "220–222",
    "publicationDate": "1931-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/16/2/11/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "16",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "President Crabtree: Our Society chose to convene in New York City this fall with the deliberate object in view of effecting a closer relationship between ourselves and those who are producing motion pictures. New York City is destined to become increasingly important as a production center and it is to the interest of our members to become as fully acquainted as possible with the problems of the producers. On the other hand, it is to the interest of the producer that he keep abreast of the achievements of the scientists and technicians, who, in the first place, made motion pictures possible, who made the shadows talk, and upon whom the industry will have to rely to an increasing extent to feed the insatiable appetite of the public for something different in entertainment.",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1931"
    },
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01539iiiiA",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1980-11-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A recently developed technique for the wireless transmission of audio signals makes use of the invisible modulated infrared radiation. Infrared emitting gallium-arsenide luminescence diodes are used as radiators of the modulated signal. As receiver, a photosensitive diode is used. Its plastic convex lens concentrates the incident infrared radiation on the rather small photosensitive diode surface. To eliminate the action of visible light, a so-called black filter - transparent only to infrared - is interposed. Amplitude modulation of the infrared emitter is possible, but cannot be used because other ambient light sources could create interference. To overcome this obstacle, frequency modulation of an amplitude-modulated standardized carrier frequency is used. The distribution of infrared radiators in a room is touched upon, and interference levels from ambient light sources are indicated. The components of a monophonic infrared audio transmission system are discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "IPAS International Corp., 1440 Broadway, Suite 2250, New York, NY 10018.",
        "name": "Horst A. Ankermann"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01540",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 11, November 1980)",
    "docTitle": "Transmission of Audio Signals by Infrared Light Carrier",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01540",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "834–837",
    "publicationDate": "1980-11-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new pickup tube that is uniquely applicable to the TK-47 camera has been developed. It offers significant improvements in camera performance. Recent and continuing advances in pickup tube technology now make practical a novel mode of pickup tube operation that results in decreased lag, increased signal-to-noise ratio, improved geometry and registration, and more uniform resolution. These improvements have been confirmed in a series of tests carried out using developmental tubes of this new type in a TK-47 camera.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Corp., CSD, Bldg. 10-2-1, Camden, NJ 08102.",
        "name": "Sidney L. Bendelly"
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      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Corp., CSD, Bldg. 10-2-1, Camden, NJ 08102.",
        "name": "Cydney A. Johnson"
      }
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01541",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 11, November 1980)",
    "docTitle": "Matching the Performance of a New Pickup Tube to the TK-47 Camera",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01541",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "838–841",
    "publicationDate": "1980-11-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "There is an interest in expressing the sensitivity of solid-state image sensor arrays in conventional photographic speed terms. Photographic speed expressed in ASA units is defined for film, but can be adapted to other image sensors by relating ASA to signal and noise levels in the threshold response region. To do this requires defining a picture element (pixel) in film analogous to the pixel area of solid-state arrays. The ASA speed of solid-state arrays has been calculated using this approach, and its dependence on exposing intensity and time, pixel area, and dark-current noise levels evaluated. A speed-resolution relationship has also been calculated. Dark-current fluctuations over the sensor array are at present the dominant source of noise, and limit sensor imaging to rather low effective ASA values ($100) and moderately high scene illumination levels (∼100 to 200 meter-candles). Effective ASA values of several thousand can be achieved with short exposure times if dark-current fluctuations can be reduced below 0.5 nA/cm2, and signal processing noise kept low. These sensor requirements can probably be achieved.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co.; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.",
        "name": "F. Moser"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico.",
        "name": "R. K. Ahrenkiel"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Research Laboratories, Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "B. C. Burkey"
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      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01542",
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    "docTitle": "Photographic Speed of Solid-State Sensor Arrays",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "An overview of teletext systems is given, stressing in particular the viewpoint of the potential user. The expected reaction of the North American consumer to teletext is analyzed. Such a forecast is important because a consumer teletext system has not yet been implemented in North America. Although teletext has many potential categories of users and can be implemented in many different ways, this paper concentrates on broadcast teletext as an ancillary service for consumers. The analysis is based on considerations of technical feasibility and the constraints imposed by consumer behavior. The results of this analysis have important implications on system design.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Zenith Radio Corp., 1000 Milwaukee Ave., Glenview, IL 60025.",
        "name": "Walter Ciciora"
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    "docTitle": "Teletext Systems: Considering the Prospective User",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01543",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "846–849",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The use of networks of cables for telecommunications was established by the telephone. Although similar methods have been used to some extent for broadcast distribution, it is only now that the use of potentially inexpensive optical fibers is coinciding with ideas of extensive interactive systems based on television. Some exciting possibilities are already being demonstrated by, for example, Warner Communication's Qube system in Ohio and the Hi-Ovis project in Japan. The basics of fiber-optics technology and the uses to which it is being put are described, culminating in the recurrent theme that present developments are leading to a widening of consumer choice.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Department, Research Division, Rediffusion Engineering Ltd., 187 Coombe Lane West, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT2 7DJ, United Kingdom.",
        "name": "Eric J. Gargini"
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    "docTitle": "Fiber Optics in the Spread of TV Communications",
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    "number": "11",
    "pages": "850–854",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Aerospace Systems, c/o Perkin-Elmer, 411 Clyde Ave., Mountain View, CA 94040.",
        "name": "Lincoln Endelman"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., 6706 Santa Monica Blvd., Hollywood, CA 90038.",
        "name": "Roderick T. Ryan"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Du Art Film Laboratories, Inc., 245 W. 55 St., New York, NY 10019.",
        "name": "Robert M. Smith"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Associates Inc., 685 E. California, Pasadena, CA 91106.",
        "name": "Paul Yang"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Roland Zavada, Eastman Kodak Co., Bldg. 69, Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "Roland Zavada"
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    "docTitle": "Motion Picture and Television Technology in the Orient, Southeast Asia, and Australia: A Report",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01546",
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    "docTitle": "1981 SMPTE Television Conference",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "11",
    "pages": "870–870",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01548",
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    "docTitle": "Industry New & Educational Activities",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Tests conducted with four prevalent types of image sensors show that the vidicon is the best choice for low-contrast applications. A specially constructed simulator confirmed, in the case of a vidicon camera, that preamplifier noise determines detection threshold for a small signal amplitude (low-contrast target) against a large amplitude background signal (such as the sky). In addition, the triangular noise spectrum associated with a vidicon preamplifier has been found to have a higher detection threshold than has an equal signal-to-noise ratio white noise case.",
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        "affiliation": "Ball Aerospace Systems Division, Ball Corp., P.O. Box 1062, Boulder, CO 80306.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "It is only recently — as a result of rapid advances in semiconductor technology and digital techniques — that television pictures have been created by image generators. For example, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.) regularly uses image generators for tracking results during its live election coverage and for animation in children's programming. Although the images generated are relatively simple, the range of special effects available makes such applications promising for the future. The authors describe a newly developed system that can be used to perform real-time image manipulation using a joystick, light pen, or other control data by converting the computer output into raster scan signals that are fed into the vertical blanking interval. This feature has been made possible by the selection of trapezoidal forms as basic patterns, with images being built up through composite layering. Therefore, the demands placed on the computer have been drastically reduced, allowing even minicomputers and microcomputers with limited capacity to produce real-time moving color imagery.",
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        "affiliation": "Sony Corp., 7–35 Kitashinagawa 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, Japan.",
        "name": "Noboru Asamizuya"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Sony Corp., 7–35 Kitashinagawa 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, Japan.",
        "name": "Tatuo Futai"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Today's large, sophisticated production switchers are complicated enough to tax the ability of the operator to fully utilize their capabilities. The operation of both production and post production switching systems can be simplified with the use of automated controls based on microprocessors. Such a system — for the automation of production switching — is also called a production switching automation system (PSAS). The system should greatly simplify production and post production operation. Design objectives, development of the design, and operation of the system are described. Finally, future trends for automated switching equipment are indicated.",
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        "affiliation": "Vital Industries, Inc., 3700 NE 53rd Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601.; Digital Services Corp., 1224 NW 9th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601.",
        "name": "John T. Davis"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A monitor for white balance adjustment of color television receivers has been developed. The monitor makes it possible to obtain 52 different reference white displays, consisting of one central white display and 12 near-white displays at luminance values of 15, 30, 70, and 215 cd/m2. The chromaticities of these reference displays can be reproduced within reliability limits of ±0.003 of the chromaticity coordinate value. The device consists of a picture tube, a deflection plate system, and the synchronizing circuit of a common television receiver. A multiplier and a function module are added for simplicity and ease of adjustment. The monitor also may be used in other fields such as color quality control and color education.",
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        "affiliation": "Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., P.O. Box 2, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185, Japan",
        "name": "Kazuo Honjyo"
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        "affiliation": "Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., P.O. Box 2, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185, Japan",
        "name": "Tamotsu Shimada"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Yokohama Works, Hitachi, Ltd., Totsuka, Yokohama, Japan.",
        "name": "Yukimi Saeki"
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    "docTitle": "The 122nd SMPTE Conference and Equipment Exhibit",
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    "number": "10",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01576",
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    "docTitle": "New Products & Developments",
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    "number": "10",
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    "number": "10",
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    "abstract": "Pioneer 10 encountered the planet Jupiter on 3 December 1973. Pioneer 11 encountered Jupiter on 2 December 1974 and subsequently encountered the planet Saturn - on 1 September 1979. Pioneers 10 and 11 both used the Pioneer Image Converter System (PICS), which was designed to convert imaging mode digital imaging signals into TV signals for nationwide distribution. The PICS performed digital-to-analog conversion and also performed the data-rate upconversion necessary to produce a TV signal from the very low data rate of the Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP). The IPP is briefly described, showing the method used to produce the images. The PICS processed the red and blue data from the IPP in order to form a synthetic green TV signal so that cosmetically appealing displays of the planetary images could be created. The PICS proved to be an invaluable aid to observers and mission operation personnel during encounter periods. The performance of the IPP was monitored and the image quality was evaluated in real time using the PICS.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This report summarizes research on the psychological effects induced by certain parameters of visual wide-field display. These effects were studied by means of three different series of experiments. The first experiment series evaluated the subjectively induced tilt angle of the observer's coordinate axes when presented with a tilted stimulus display pattern. The second experiments were to determine the observer's eye and head movements for information acquisition when presented with a visual wide-field display. The third series of experiments was to determine, by means of a subjective 7-step evaluation scale, the viewing conditions under which the display induces a sensation of reality in the observer. From the results of these experiments it was concluded that a visual display with horizontal viewing angles ranging from 30° to 100° and vertical angles from 20° to 80° produces psychological effects that give a sensation of reality.",
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        "affiliation": "Auditory and Visual Information Processing Research Group, Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories at the Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Toyohiko Hatada"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Auditory and Visual Information Processing Research Group, Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories at the Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Haruo Sakata"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Auditory and Visual Information Processing Research Group, Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories at the Japan Broadcasting Corp. (NHK), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "Hideo Kusaka"
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    "docTitle": "Psychophysical Analysis of the “Sensation of Reality” Induced by a Visual Wide-Field Display",
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    "abstract": "A method is described for PCM encoding of the Y, I, and Q components of an NTSC signal in such a way that exact recovery of the components is possible, while compatibility with NTSC standards is approximately preserved. With this method, a digital decoder can separate Y, I, and Q exactly from the PCM signal; with a digital-to-analog conversion, the same PCM signal could be broadcast to standard analog NTSC receivers. The basis of the method is a block interpolation which increases the sampling rate of each component (to 4× subcarrier in the example presented here). Proper choice of the interpolation coefficients can produce a signal which approximates an NTSC standard signal. How good the approximation can be is an open question, but an example is given which demonstrates the concept and the design methods.",
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        "affiliation": "Department of Electrical Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A monolithic video A/D converter has been developed that offers reduced size and power, improved reliability, a wider operating temperature range, and lower cost than has been previously possible. The fully-parallel “flash” method of conversion is used, taking advantage of the close matching of components and tight control of propagation delays characteristic in monolithic circuits. Eight bit performance is achieved at video bandwidths without a sample-and-hold circuit. Application of the part requires only a −2-V reference and a buffer amplifier capable of driving the 255 parallel comparator inputs, a load similar to that of a 75ω cable. The circuit is fully TTL compatible and is controlled by a single convert signal. Provisions are made to invert the MSB for two's complement coding, or inverting the entire output field, if desired. Two converters can be used in a feed-forward configuration to convert 14 bits. The 64 pin dual in-line package reflects a conservative thermal design, allowing the circuit to operate to specification over the 0 to 70°C ambient temperature range in still air. Device characterization has demonstrated extreme stability over time and temperature. Accelerated life testing predicts a mean-time-to-failure at 125°C of greater than 1.1 × 106 hours (125 years).",
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        "name": "Willard K. Bucklen"
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    "abstract": "Since 1968, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.) has been carrying out research into a high-definition wide-screen television system, including development of equipment. The standards and signal transmission for broadcasting of high-definition TV are discussed. Several TV systems and the desired signal-to-noise ratios that will fit in with various viewing conditions from the viewpoint of the characteristics of the human visual system are briefly described. Also described are the transmission primaries of the system and the signal forms being used for a 1125-scanning-line system, which is the tentative standard chosen by NHK. The parameters necessary for analog and digital transmission for satellite broadcasting using this system are considered. In November 1978 and March 1979, transmission tests of the high-definition TV system were carried out via the broadcasting satellite “Yurl” in Japan.",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "During the SMPTE Conference in Los Angeles (21–26 October 1979), the USSR delegation extended an invitation to SMPTE President Robert M. Smith and his wife, Edna, to visit the Soviet Union during the 1980 Telekinotechnika Exposition and Technical Conference scheduled to be held in Moscow 28 February — 12 March 1980. The year 1980 also marks the 60th anniversary of the motion picture industry in the USSR (1920–1980). Shortly thereafter, a formal invitation was received by the Society from Dr. Oleg I. Ioshin, a Fellow of the SMPTE and Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Committee for Cinematography. The invitation was accepted, and the following is President Smith's account of his and his wife's experiences and observations during their visit to the Soviet Union.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Robert M. Smith"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01586",
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    "docTitle": "Report on Motion Picture and Television Technology in the USSR",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01586",
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    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "585–590",
    "publicationDate": "1980-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/89/8/9/",
    "status": {
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    },
    "volume": "89",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Joseph Roizen"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01587",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 8, August 1980)",
    "docTitle": "NAB Convention — 13–16 April 1980",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01587",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01587",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "591–593",
    "publicationDate": "1980-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/89/8/10/",
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    "volume": "89",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01588",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 8, August 1980)",
    "docTitle": "FTC Bill Signed into Law on 29 May 1980",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01588",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01588",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "594–595",
    "publicationDate": "1980-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Journal/89/8/11/",
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    "volume": "89",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01589",
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    "docTitle": "Minutes of the Special Meeting of Voting Members of the SMPTE Scarsdale, New York, 7 May 1980",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01590",
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    "docTitle": "122nd SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit 9–14 November 1980, New York Hilton Hotel",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "8",
    "pages": "596–596",
    "publicationDate": "1980-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01591",
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    "pages": "596–604",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01592",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 8, August 1980)",
    "docTitle": "Call for Papers: 1981 SMPTE Television Conference 6-7 February 1981, St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, California",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "604–604",
    "publicationDate": "1980-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01593",
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    "docTitle": "European Broadcasting Union: Addendum to the Progress Committee Report",
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    "docTitle": "1979 Financial Reports: Treasurer's Report — January 1–December 31, 1979",
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    },
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    "pages": "607–607",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
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  {
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    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Pablo Weinschenk-Tabernero"
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      {
        "name": "R. A. Buchroeder"
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      {
        "name": "William D. Hedden"
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    ],
    "contentType": "review",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01600",
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    "abstract": "An operational broadcast satellite system, which would provide television programming directly from a geostationary satellite for homes having television receivers equipped with a converter and a small antenna, is expected to be set up by Japan by the early 1980s. A design is described for a receiver suitable for this purpose; it is planned to be a low-noise, high-performance unit comparable in cost to conventional TV sets. Other topics covered include the image recovery theory (with consideration of the parametric effect of a mixer diode), the down-converter principles and construction, the low-cost highly stable local oscillator, and other sections of the receiver.",
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    "abstract": "As a point of departure, the two main methods of film transport in projection systems — intermittent and continuous — are discussed. Their basic conditions and the functions of the shutter are described. With continuous film transport, the projected image must continuously be shifted at the same frame rate as the film and in the opposite direction to its movement in order to obtain a perfectly stable image on the screen. The principle involved is called optical motion compensation. Moving, rotating, or oscillating prisms, mirrors, and lens rings may be used as optical compensators. A brief history of such devices is given. Many of these produced a so-called roving error which arises because a reference point on the film having a fixed position within the frame may not appear absolutely stationary on the screen during all phases of motion compensation. An analytical consideration of the elements and parameters that cause roving error is undertaken. The conclusion is reached that in a motion compensator consisting of a rotating ring of object lenses, the introduction of a certain amount of image distortion — by means of appropriate lens design — may compensate for the roving error and yield a steady image, free from blur.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The NHK Technical Research Laboratories, at an exhibition in June 1979, demonstrated an experimental digital videotape recorder, built to conform with the SMPTE C format. The digital VTR has the same tape consumption as the conventional analog VTR. This report describes design considerations for the development of the digital VTR and the technologies applied in the digital prototype VTR.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Katsuya Yokoyama, Shozo Nakagawa, and Hironobu Katayama of the Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "K. Yokoyama"
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        "affiliation": "Katsuya Yokoyama, Shozo Nakagawa, and Hironobu Katayama of the Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "S. Nakagawa"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Katsuya Yokoyama, Shozo Nakagawa, and Hironobu Katayama of the Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, Japan.",
        "name": "H. Katayama"
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      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01630",
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    "docTitle": "An Experimental Digital Videotape Recorder",
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    "number": "3",
    "pages": "173–180",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Optical Printer Applications Language (OPAL) embodies a new computer operating system which simplifies the difficult and time-consuming task of optical printer operation. Developed by a team at J-K Camera Engineering, it provides flexible automatic control of camera and projector sequencing, X-Y lens positioning, follow focus, zooms, pans, fades, bellows extension exposure compensation, and color balance adjustments. On complex optical printing jobs, job completion speed is increased considerably, up to a factor of ten or more over a manually operated machine. The OPAL system converses with the operator via a standard video terminal in plain English; no prior programming training or computer experience is required. The system was developed to control the Model 120-C optical printer, which was specifically designed to be controlled by a computer. The need for electronic and mechanical control systems has been eliminated, simplifying the optical printer design, and improving reliability with a reduction in costs. OPAL will adapt to most microcomputers which use the 8080-Z80 instruction set and the S-100 bus. It is written in machine code and is independent of any external software. It contains its own motor driven programs, timers, video driver, mathematics subprogram library, etc. Operation is easy and straightforward. Most commands are entered as answers to questions asked by the system on the video terminal. Complex printing tasks, such as accelerating zooms and pans, and linear or logarithmic fades, can be rapidly performed by operators having little training and experience. The system is expandable and can be adapted to control other equipment, such as animation stands.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Howard S. Moscovitz, Electronic Music Associates, 3400 Wyman St., Oakland, CA 94619. Mr. Moscovitz is a consultant to J-K Camera Engineering, Inc.",
        "name": "Howard S. Moscovitz"
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    ],
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01631",
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    "docTitle": "OPAL: A Computer Language for the Control of Optical Printers",
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    "number": "3",
    "pages": "181–188",
    "publicationDate": "1980-03-01",
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    "publisherLocation": {
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A score of countries in the world, most notably France and the USSR, are now committed to the SECAM standard of color television. Research efforts, however, regarding the possible digitization of SECAM signals have lagged relative to PAL and NTSC research because only one of the 20 countries is a Western European country with advanced technical facilities. SECAM signals, having definite advantages for on-air transmission, require demodulation and remodulation if they are to be mixed in composite form. This unfortunately would cancel out the sought-after advantages of digital recording — ease of signal processing and transparency through multiple generations of recording. A feasible components-encoding system, developed by EBU Working Party C, is described as a satisfactory alternative. For various reasons, mainly improved compatibility with composite PAL, luminance is sampled at about twice the PAL subcarrier frequency (at 8.87 MHz.); two simultaneous color difference signals are used, both at 4.43 MHz. Error correction and concealment, bit rate reduction (to about 100 Mbit/s by elimination of H blanking and use of other techniques), and DPCM coding are among the subjects covered. The components technique is seen as a proper subject of study not only for present or potential SECAM customers but also for those seeking a unified or at least a compatible digital video recording standard.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Dominique Nasse, Centre Commun d'Études de Télévision et Télécommunications (CCETT), 2, Rue de la Mabilais, B. P. 1266, 35013 Rennes Cedex, France.",
        "name": "Dominique Nasse"
      }
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01632",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1993"
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "year": "1993"
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "In photography, video and computer graphics, the gamma symbol γ represents a numerical parameter that describes the nonlinearity of intensity reproduction. Gamma is a mysterious and confusing subject, because it involves concepts from four disciplines: physics, perception, photography, and video. In this note I will explain how gamma is related to each of these disciplines. Having a good understanding of the theory and practice of gamma will enable you to get good results when you create, process, and display pictures. This note focuses on electronic reproduction of images, using video and computer graphics techniques and equipment. However, the discussions of perception and photography may be of general interest as well. This note deals mainly with the reproduction of intensity, or as a photographer would say, tone scale. This is one important step to achieving good color reproduction, but issues specific to color are covered elsewhere.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Charles A. Poynton is with Sun Microsystems Corp., Mountain View, CA 94043.",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Tutorial: “Gamma” and its Disguises: The Nonlinear Mappings of Intensity in Perception, CRTs, Film, and Video",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Glenn Kennel and David Snider are with Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14653-5905.",
        "name": "Glenn Kennel"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Glenn Kennel and David Snider are with Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14653-5905.",
        "name": "David Snider"
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 102, Issue: 12, December 1993)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Tutorial: Gray-Scale Transformations of Digital Film Data for Display, Conversion, and Film Recording",
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    "number": "12",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "With the move to serial digital television systems, different design considerations are necessary. New devices are required that were not necessary in analog systems. These include serializers, deserializers, digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, multiplexers, demultiplexers, frame delays, line delays, audio delays, serial component digital to composite digital converters and serial composite digital to component digital converters, to name a few. Additional considerations often must be made to allow mixed analog/digital operation, with a gradual transition to full digital. This article describes the considerations involved in designing a digital television plant. The serial digital routing switcher plays a key role in determining the optimum system for each facility.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Keith Reynolds is with The Grass Valley Group, Grass Valley, CA 95945.",
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    "docTitle": "Design Considerations for Serial Digital Television Systems",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Projected laser displays, such as those for laser light shows, often use computer-drawn graphics, which are scanned onto the screen. These vector drawings have restrictions imposed by the laser projection equipment. Conventional vector graphics programs such as AutoCADTM do not work well for laser display use. This necessitates laser-specific computer software. Current laser-scanning techniques are introduced in this article, which emphasizes the limitations of scanner technology and suggests remedies. Considerations for the design of laser graphics software are then set forth, and current laser systems are discussed, with an in-depth example using software developed by the authors. Future directions for laser display, scanning technology, and software are also reviewed.",
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        "affiliation": "Patrick Murphy (who read the paper) and William R. Benner. Jr., are with Pangolin Laser Software, Arlington, VA 22201.",
        "name": "Patrick Murphy"
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        "affiliation": "Patrick Murphy (who read the paper) and William R. Benner. Jr., are with Pangolin Laser Software, Arlington, VA 22201.",
        "name": "William R. Benner"
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    "docTitle": "Computer Graphics for Scanned Laser Displays",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Using the simultaneous double layer coating method, the magnetic layer of metal particulate (MP) media can be thinned to submicron thickness. The electromagnetic characteristics of the MP with a thin and highly packed magnetic layer were studied. When high-frequency sinusoidal signals were recorded, the reproduced output achieved its maximum at the thickness corresponding to the effective thickness of recording layer. The output was approximately equal to that of the Hi-8 metal evaporated (ME) media. As for digital recording, reducing the magnetic layer thickness to below 0.5 μm brought about the decrease of the half-peak width (W50), thus decreasing the intersymbol interference and increasing the recording density (D50). These results indicate that this MP has superior performance in high-density recording.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Co-authors K. Ejiri (who read the paper), H. Inaba, T. Kitahara, T. Mitsuhashi, and N. Abe are with Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan 250.",
        "name": "K. Ejiri"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Co-authors K. Ejiri (who read the paper), H. Inaba, T. Kitahara, T. Mitsuhashi, and N. Abe are with Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan 250.",
        "name": "H. Inaba"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Co-authors K. Ejiri (who read the paper), H. Inaba, T. Kitahara, T. Mitsuhashi, and N. Abe are with Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan 250.",
        "name": "T. Mitsuhashi"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Co-authors K. Ejiri (who read the paper), H. Inaba, T. Kitahara, T. Mitsuhashi, and N. Abe are with Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan 250.",
        "name": "Y. Kitahara"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Co-authors K. Ejiri (who read the paper), H. Inaba, T. Kitahara, T. Mitsuhashi, and N. Abe are with Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan 250.",
        "name": "N. Abe"
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    "docTitle": "Electromagnetic Characteristics of Metal Particulate Media with a Thin Magnetic Layer",
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "1134–1136",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The accommodation response of subjects viewing binocular stereoscopic TV images was measured with an objective infrared optometer. It was found that the subjects' eyes showed clear response corresponding to variation of the left-right (L-R) image separation when this was relatively small, and it saturated when the separation was larger. The amplitude of the response change depended mainly on the amount of L-R image separation. From these results suitable viewing conditions were determined and are discussed in this article.",
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        "affiliation": "Nobuyuki Hiruma, Human Vision Research Div., NHK Science and Technical Laboratories, Tokyo 157, Japan",
        "name": "Nobuyuki Hiruma"
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        "affiliation": "Tadahiko Fukuda, Keio University, Kanagawa 252, Japan.",
        "name": "Tadahiko Fukuda"
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    "abstract": "The Vision III™ single-camera autostereoscopic (SCA™) process for texture and depth enhancement has been adapted for use in photographing three-dimensional objects and sets with motion-control systems. Successful tests have been performed on an IMC camera platform driven by Tondreau motion-control software using a 386 PC computer and on a Mechanical Concepts camera platform controlled by Athena-11 software on a minicomputer. Vision III is an autostereoscopic process that exploits the short-term visual memory used by the human brain in depth perception. Depth information is formatted to produce a natural, true three-dimensional image. Vision III is compatible with standard broadcast television and motion-picture production and requires no modification of display equipment or use of viewing glasses.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Vision III Imaging, Inc., Vienna, VA 22182.",
        "name": "Christopher A. Mayhew"
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    "docTitle": "Vision III Single-Camera Autostereoscopic Methods",
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    "pages": "416–422",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "An integrated digital production suite, encompassing paint, video typography, a digital library, perspective transformations, a four-layer digital keyer/mixer, and keyframe control of VTRs, is described. This system is explored from the perspective of how it simplifies transfer of graphic elements through the production process, maintains very high digital video image quality, and assists artists and editors in working together to complete complex special-effects projects.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Digital F/X, Mountain View, CA 94043.",
        "name": "Ken Carson"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Digital F/X, Mountain View, CA 94043.",
        "name": "Jason Danielson"
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    "docTitle": "An Integrated Digital Production Suite",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The line-21 captioning system was developed in the 1970s as a means of delivering hidden subtitles (closed captions) to hearing-impaired television viewers. A more recent development is the ability to generate captions in “real time” during live broadcasts, using experienced court reporters and a computer-aided translation system that converts shorthand code into captions almost instantaneously. More than 70 hours of nationally broadcast programming are captioned weekly with this technology. This article describes the creation and broadcast of captions in real time, including equipment, staffing, and procedures.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "National Captioning Institute, Inc., Falls Church, VA 22040.",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "A motion picture director in many respects occupies a position analogous to the leader of an orchestra. The leader has to wave a baton in order to get the right tempo. He has to see that the bassoon does not come in while the violin is playing its solo. Likewise a motion picture director has to hold together all the departments, he has to see that they all function on time, and that everything meets on the little set where the camera is going to turn for a few minutes.",
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        "affiliation": "president, DeMille Studios, Hollywood, Calif.",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Classic Reprint, Originally Published April 1928: Motion Picture Directing",
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    "docTitle": "The 133rd SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit: October 26–29, 1991, Los Angeles",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01678",
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      "print": "0361-4573"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "This paper describes four types of special photographic effects used in motion-picture production: (a) the matte shot combines live action and a painting into one scene; (b) the composite matte shot employs the matte shot plus the combination of two or more action scenes; (c) the glass shot is a method of photographing the live action and the painting simultaneously; (d) the traveling matte shot combines foreground action, which has been photographed against a monochromatic backing, with any desired background.",
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        "affiliation": "20th Century-Fox Film Corp., Beverly Hills, Calif.",
        "name": "Ray Kellogg"
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      {
        "affiliation": "20th Century-Fox Film Corp., Beverly Hills, Calif.",
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    "contentType": "toc",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Shrinkage characteristics of both 35mm and 16mm films manufactured by Eastman Kodak Co. have been evaluated by laboratory measurements and by examination of film in commercial use. Professional 35mm triacetate films (both positive and earlier negative stock) show a low rate of shrinkage with age, reaching a range of about 0.3% in the lengthwise direction in three years and a maximum amount of not more than 0.6% in the lengthwise direction and 0.7% in the widthwise direction on the average over very long periods of time. An improved support for negative films is now being produced which provides a maximum aging shrinkage of not more than 0.3%. This base is being used for both 35mm and 16mm negative stock for black-and-white and color film. 16mm black-and-white positive films show essentially the same shrinkage characteristics as 35mm positive products. Kodachrome 16mm acetate propionate films of current manufacture have low shrinkage characteristics, reaching maximum values of approximately 0.3% in the lengthwise direction and 0.4% in the widthwise direction over long periods of time.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Manufacturing Experiments Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "C. R. Fordyce"
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        "affiliation": "Manufacturing Experiments Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "J. M. Calhoun"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Manufacturing Experiments Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "E. E. Moyer"
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    "docTitle": "Shrinkage Behavior of Motion-Picture Film",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The widespread use of negative and positive color films now available to the motion-picture industry has introduced new, more complicated and exacting control requirements in the film-processing laboratories. In step with this trend, two new densitometers have been developed. One instrument is intended to provide precise control of the new color picture processes while the other provides diffuse density measurements of black-and-white, silver sulfide, and silver-image-with-dye sound tracks. The instruments, their application and performance are described.",
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    "abstract": "This paper describes the development of the three basic television recording processes since 1927. It also describes the film-recording processes used in both the United States and Great Britain. The introduction of television recordings made on magnetic material in both monochrome and color is noted. The paper concludes with a short résume on the new art of electronic motion pictures produced with television cameras and recording facilities.",
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    "abstract": "In this paper a given theory of the perception of visual stimuli is used as a basis for investigating the principles of stereoscopic cinematography. Part I states the vision theory selected and expresses this theory mathematically in a manner applicable to the 3-D spectator. Part II uses this vision theory to develop formulas for filming the scene. Part III applies these formulas to the mechanics of filming. In Part IV accuracy considerations are investigated for the entire transmission chain from scene to screen.",
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    "abstract": "CinemaScope (or any of the other wide-screen, multiple-channel sound, new techniques) presents three important problems to the drive-in theater. The first is a very wide screen. The second is a suitable light source which can provide enough light to acceptably illuminate the wide screen. The third is the possible use of multiple-channel sound. These problems and their practical solution in currently operating drive-in theaters are briefly discussed.",
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    "abstract": "The Television Studio Lighting Committee was formed in January 1950. Almost immediately, work was initiated on the preparation of a lighting terminology.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01721",
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    "docTitle": "“Lighting for Color and Form Principles, Equipment, and Applications” (Rollo Gillespie Williams; 1954) [Book Reviewed]",
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    "abstract": "A method is described of plotting the light-time curves of flash-discharge tubes using purely photographic methods. Particular attention is given to tubes with flashes of the order of 5- to 10-μsec effective duration, but some results for longer duration tubes are included. The method has been employed to examine for a certain tube the influence on the effective photographic duration of the use of emulsions of widely different spectral sensitivity and speed. For the particular emulsions chosen the observed differences in effective flash duration are of small magnitude and insignificant in practice. Some observations are included of the influence of different capacities on total photographically effective light output (i.e. efficiency). The changes in duration and efficiency resulting from some different gas fillings in tubes which are otherwise identical are also recorded.",
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    "abstract": "High-quality projector filters and viewers are essential to full audience enjoyment of 3-D motion-picture shows. Projector filters of improved type are now in production and constitute an excellent solution to the problems presented by high temperature and high light intensity. Being glass-laminated, they are easily cleaned and thus should last indefinitely. Viewers of excellent polarization characteristics, color neutrality and stability are available. Some minimum performance specifications are proposed, in the interest of insuring that all spectators are enabled to see 3-D presentations with full effectiveness. Optical “leakage” and chemical instability, present in some types of viewers are especially to be avoided.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
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    "docTitle": "Properties of Polarizers for Filters and Viewers for 3-D Motion Pictures",
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    "abstract": "A 3-D motion-picture screen, besides reflecting the two incident beams with good gain throughout a reasonably wide lobe, must conserve the polarization tagging of the beams. Tests on 100 screen samples show that the majority of screens of normal design meet these requirements excellently — for viewing angles not exceeding about 20° from the screen normal. Thus these screens are very satisfactory for use in narrow theaters. For 45° viewing, such as occurs in wide theaters, screens of this type usually have rather low gain and their polarization defect values approach a harmful level. Lenticulated screens, however, tend to avoid these difficulties and thus go a long way toward solving the wide-theater problem. There are several different designs of lenticulated screens, each having certain advantages and disadvantages.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
        "name": "W. A. Shurcliff"
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    "docTitle": "Screens for 3-D and Their Effect on Polarization",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Equipment is described that permits the projectionist to obtain and maintain perfect synchronism in the projection of 3-D motion pictures. Thir is accomplished without stopping the show or otherwise interfering with the continuity and quality of the projection. The equipment is of two banic types: synchronization monitors and synchronization controls. The monitor is used to measure the direction and amount of the synchronization error, and the control is then used to correct the error.",
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        "affiliation": "Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corp., 730 Main St., Cambridge 39, Mass.",
        "name": "K. Clark Jones"
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    "docTitle": "Equipment to Measure and Control Synchronization Errors in 3-D Projection",
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    "abstract": "This paper discusses the use of a vidicon camera tube for film pickup and describes special operating techniques for obtaining best performance. The operating principles of the vidicon are reviewed briefly and performance characteristics are given. Basic features desired for satisfactory reproduction of film on television are discussed, including high signal-to-noise ratio, “built-in” gamma of the proper magnitude, accurate black-level reproduction, excellent resolution, and freedom from spurious signals.",
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        "affiliation": "Radio Corporation of America, Tube Dept., Lancaster, Pa.",
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    "docTitle": "Vidicon for Film Pickup",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "142–152",
    "publicationDate": "1954-02-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Analysis and experience show that an ideal device for television film reproduction should have high resolution, excellent signal-to-noise ratio, wide contrast range, a stable gamma characteristic with a slope of 0.6 and good black-level control. It should operate with standard television projectors. Our work during the past two years has convinced us that the vidicon camera comes closest to this ideal. In addition to the characteristics already mentioned, the vidicon camera can be operated nonsynchronously, making it possible to provide local film inserts in network programming. The sensitivity for film operation is approximately three times greater than with the iconoscope, providing a large increase in projector lamp life. The simplicity and stability of a vidicon camera system make it very attractive for “unattended” operation with a minimum of adjustment and attention. A particular form of vidicon film camera with its deflection, video and control circuits is described and illustrated. The problems and possible solutions of optical and electrical multiplexing for typical television broadcast operation are discussed. A broadcasting requirement for the reproduction of transparencies, opaques and other more specialized opaque presentations can be filled by equipment which is now in a product-development phase. We believe that, with the developments now available, the television broadcaster can provide picture quality in this field comparable with the best live pickup performance with equipment requiring only nominal attention and skill.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Engineering Products Dept., Camden 2, N.J.",
        "name": "Henry N. Kozanowski"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01730",
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    "docTitle": "Vidicon Film-Reproduction Cameras",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This Report will review progress since the last formal report of the Committee presented to the Society at its October 1952 meeting.<sup>1</sup> It will also summarize the present status of various projects on the occasion of the completion of the writer's term of office as Chairman.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "National Carbon Company, Division of Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Fostoria, Ohio.",
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    "pages": "162–163",
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    "abstract": "The work of the National Television System Committee on color television has probably constituted a fundamental and major advance. This report of the NTSC's accomplishments is the author's view, and not an official statement on behalf of that Committee.",
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    "abstract": "The Eidophor, or Fischer, theater television system is described in an introductory way, then as installed at the Twentieth Century-Fox home office theater a year ago for exhibition shows for exhibitors and the press.",
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    "abstract": "The paper describes the Fischer system of large-screen television projection which makes use of an “Eidophor” liquid. Consideration is given to the brightness requirements, and the principles of the schlieren optical system are discussed together with the manner in which the Eidophor functions. The technical problems involved are dealt with and the results obtained with the third prototype examined.",
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    "abstract": "During World War Two, the application of thin films to glass surfaces progressed from experimental laboratory work to practical application in optical devices. At present, virtually all lenses are coated to reduce reflection. Plates coated with multilayer films, known as dichroic mirrors, are also being applied as efficient light dividers. The recent use of dichroic mirrors in experimental color television equipment is one of the best known applications. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the interference phenomenon involved and to describe the results obtainable with several dichroic mirror designs.",
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    "abstract": "Various means of recording vision-frequency signals are considered. For high-definition television, photographic recording appears to be the only practicable method. The film may be moved at constant velocity or intermittently, and some known systems are classified under these headings and described with their advantages and disadvantages, particular attention being given to the two methods now in use by the B.B.C. Various factors affecting the performance of television-recording cameras are then discussed, such as picture joins, interlacing, loss of definition on movement, optical efficiency, film stability, emulsion pile-up, and spot-position modulation. A suitable arrangement of the vision-frequency equipment is dealt with, and the necessary electrical corrections are described. The factors governing the choice of a cathode-ray tube for recording purposes are discussed, while some possible improvements are indicated. The various transfer characteristics concerned have been measured. Contrast correction is discussed, together with possible ways of improving the overall performance, such as high-gamma recording. The conditions for making satisfactory positive prints direct from negative television pictures are stated. Some conclusions based on operating experience of continuous and intermittent systems are then given.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new flashtube arrangement, providing projection light for television reproduction from film, is here described in detail. It assures accurate and permanent synchronization of light pulse with intermittent pulldown. Further, since both the intermittent movement and the flashing lamp are controlled by the television vertical pulse, the mechanism can readily be interlocked with other picture sources for interpolation, laps and fades. Travel ghost resulting from motion of film while the light pulse is on is made impossible by the design.",
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        "affiliation": "Broadcast Studio Engineering Section, Electronics Div., General Electric Co., Electronics Park, Syracuse, N. Y.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new professional projector specifically designed to meet television needs, which features a high-fidelity sound system with fast stabilization time, is described. A 2–3 pulldown system is incorporated especially for television. All gearing runs in oil and gears and other mechanical parts are designed for long life. Projection lamps change automatically in the event of filament failure. Still pictures can be shown.",
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    "abstract": "The use of high-speed photography, at rates of 3000 to 4000 frames/sec, for the investigation of welding arcs is briefly described, with detailed specifications.",
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    "abstract": "The Underground Explosion Test Program was established to determine the resistance of soils and structures to attack with high explosives. This paper discusses some of the problems in applying high-speed motion picture photography to the surface phenomena accompanying these tests. Some improvements in equipment and methods were suggested, based on observations made in the field.",
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        "affiliation": "Denver Research Inst., University of Denver, Denver 10, Colo.",
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    "abstract": "A Proposed Standard on slides and opaques for television use is published on the following pages for three months of trial and criticism. All comments should be sent to Henry Kogel, SMPTE Staff Engineer, prior to July 1, 1953. If no adverse comments are received, the proposal will then be submitted to ASA Sectional Committee PH22 for further processing as an American Standard. The proposal was prepared by the Joint RTMA/SMPTE Television Film Equipment Committee.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The name of this association shall be society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01760",
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    "docTitle": "Constitution of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
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    "abstract": "Sec. 1. Membership of the Society shall consist of the following grades: Honorary members, Sustaining members, Fellows, Active members, Associate members and Student members.",
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    "abstract": "Professional three-dimensional (3-D) film productions cannot be satisfactorily undertaken without a comprehensive theory of the transmission of an image in space from scene to screen. In Part I the outlines of such a theory are laid down, and the elements of a standard set of concepts and nomenclature put forward. Part II draws an example from a recent film, The Black Swan, to show how the stereotechnician computes a sequence of shots in the desired space relationship, and how simple graphical techniques may be employed to plot such relationships. From these graphs may be determined the magnitude of any postcorrections required to alter the continuity in space, to adjust the film to screens of widely differing size or to eliminate certain camera errors. Part III forms a critique of existing camera procedures, including those based on the supposed identity between human vision and the viewing of the space image. Part IV sums up the differences of technique between the flat film and the 3-D film.",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "toc",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01778iiA",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01778iiA",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "i–i",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abstract": "Stereoscopic mathematics are far too complicated to apply easily and speedily to every point in the many drawings and cells required to obtain motion in animated films, or in a usable volume of art for commercial or lecture purposes. The following procedure was developed to allow stereo drawings to be made with a minimum of time and effort and still produce practical three-dimensional material.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Ernest F. Hiser, Dept. of Medical Illustration, School of Medicine and University Hospitals, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City 4, Okla.",
        "name": "Ernest F. Hiser"
      }
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01779",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Drawing in Three Dimensions for Animation and Stereoscopic Processes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01779",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "287–292",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "With the advent of television and the consequent increased use of the animated film for advertising, it has become necessary to devise quick and inexpensive methods for the small studio to produce such films. In this paper some simplified techniques for animation are described.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Ernest F. Hiser, Dept. of Medical Illustration, School of Medicine and University Hospitals, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City 4, Okla.",
        "name": "Ernest F. Hiser"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01780",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Animation for Individual Television Stations",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01780",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "293–299",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "X-ray motion picture techniques are reviewed with attention to relative exposure requirements and ability to record detail. Direct cineradiography on full-scale screen-films provides the best reproduction of detail but does not at present reach true motion picture speeds. Cinefluorography is the most flexible and least expensive of the traditional methods. Because of harmful effects of radiation cinefluorographic examinations of human subjects must generally be limited to a relatively few seconds. The length of examinations can be much prolonged with the help of screen image intensification. Unfortunately the x-ray motion pictures made by kinescope recording are not yet satisfactory from the point of view of detail.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "S. A. Weinberg, J. S. Watson, Jr., and G. H. Ramsey, Dept. of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 260 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester 20, N.Y.",
        "name": "S. A. Weinberg"
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      {
        "affiliation": "S. A. Weinberg, J. S. Watson, Jr., and G. H. Ramsey, Dept. of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 260 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester 20, N.Y.",
        "name": "J. S. Watson"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "S. A. Weinberg, J. S. Watson, Jr., and G. H. Ramsey, Dept. of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 260 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester 20, N.Y.",
        "name": "G. H. Ramsey"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "W. E. Schade, Hawk-Eye Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y.",
        "name": "W. E. Schade"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01781",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "X-ray Motion Picture Techniques Employed in Medical Diagnosis and Research",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01781",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "300–308",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A precision color temperature meter utilizing red and blue filters is described. A special logarithmic diaphragm largely eliminates undesirable effects of nonuniform response over the cell area and aids accurate setting of the red filter standard at high intensities.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "G. E. Dawson, D. E. Grant and H. F. Ott, Color Control Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "G. H. Dawson"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "G. E. Dawson, D. E. Grant and H. F. Ott, Color Control Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "D. E. Grant"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "G. E. Dawson, D. E. Grant and H. F. Ott, Color Control Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.",
        "name": "H. F. Ott"
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      "year": "1952"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01782",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "A Precision Color Temperature Meter for Tungsten Illumination",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01782",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "309–312",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The three common forms of sound recording may be classed as mechanical (disk), photographic and magnetic. All three methods are in common use today and each is employed in a field for which it appears to be peculiarly fitted. The purpose of this article is to examine briefly the factors which determine the fidelity of each method. By fidelity we mean how true the tonal range can be reproduced, the amount and nature of harmonic distortion present, the signal-to-noise ratio possible with each method, and the amount of wow or flutter that may be expected under average conditions of reproduction for each recording process.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "John G. Frayne, Westrex Corp., 6601 Romaine St., Los Angeles 38, Calif.",
        "name": "John G. Frayne"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01783",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Comparison of Recording Processes",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01783",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01783",
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      "print": "0898-042X"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "313–318",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20and%20Television%20Engineers/59/4/8/",
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    "volume": "59",
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    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J11311"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The requirements of magnetic recording equipment for sound motion pictures have been found to vary greatly with different customers. In order to provide the necessary flexibility to meet these different requirements and to include various custom features, the functional units of a magnetic recording channel have been designed on separate rack-mounted panels which can be installed in varying arrangements in a standard amplifier rack. These include items for both single-track and three-track equipments, and film widths of 16mm, 17 1/2mm and 35mm.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Kurt Singer and J. L. Pettus, Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Engineering Products Dept., 1560 N. Vine St., Hollywood 28, Calif.",
        "name": "Kurt Singer"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Kurt Singer and J. L. Pettus, Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Div., Engineering Products Dept., 1560 N. Vine St., Hollywood 28, Calif.",
        "name": "J. L. Pettus"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01784",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "A Building-Block Approach to Magnetic Recording Equipment Design",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01784",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01784",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "319–334",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes a high-intensity arc slide projector which is powered from a 110-v, 60-cycle convenience outlet and requires only 10-amp supply. The resulting intensity of illumination is sufficient for screens of 35 ft in width.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Arthur J. Hatch, The Strong Electric Corp., 87 City Park Ave., Toledo 2, Ohio.",
        "name": "Arthur J. Hatch"
      }
    ],
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01785",
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    "docTitle": "A-C High-Intensity Arc Slide Projector",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "335–337",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "STARTING ABOUT 1940, there has been a rapidly growing need in the motion picture industry for a more accurate expression of the photographic speed of a lens than is afforded by the simple f-number ratio. The Proposed American Standard appearing on the following pages is the product of many years' industrious and patient effort to achieve agreement on a standard photometric method of aperture calibration. It is published here for 6-month trial and criticism. All comments should be sent to Henry Kogel, SMPTE Staff Engineer, prior to April 15, 1953, along with a carbon for R. Kingslake, Chairman of the Optics Committee.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1952"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01786",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 59, Issue: 4, October 1952)",
    "docTitle": "Proposed American Standard PH22.90 Aperture Calibration of Motion Picture Lenses",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01786",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "4",
    "pages": "338–348",
    "publicationDate": "1952-10-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "abstract": "Images on the retinae of the eyes, resulting when viewing real life subject matter, are not in themselves three-dimensional. The impulses from these images which travel to the brain supply the brain with the data it needs to build the three-dimensional vision which the observer sees in lieu of the subject itself. Present grainless motion picture color film is a nearly perfect medium of establishing synthetic images on the retinae which equal the natural ones. As a result, the data that reaches the brain is comparable to that which might emanate from natural images. The brain, detecting little difference, forms a synthetic vision nearly as perfect as natural vision. The three-dimensional motion picture camera has been employed with success to capture all of the components of depth perception which are associated with natural vision. In addition high-speed and time-lapse applications have been developed which also incorporate factors of depth perception otherwise impossible to duplicate in natural vision. A solution of the flicker problem in 16-mm, alternate-frame, stereo projection at 24 frames/sec has been provided through the use of the Morgana shuttle movement. Also the requirement for registration adjustments before or during projection has been eliminated by the use of a barrel-type polarizer which permits projecting through a single-lens axis.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A new continuous processing machine for wide film carries the principles of motion picture film processing into the field of processing black-and-white film ranging in width from 70 mm to 12 in. Details of design and operation are outlined.",
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        "affiliation": "Herbert E. Hewston and Carlos H. Elmer, Photographic Laboratory Branch, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, China Lake, Calif.",
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        "affiliation": "Herbert E. Hewston and Carlos H. Elmer, Photographic Laboratory Branch, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, China Lake, Calif.",
        "name": "Carlos H. Elmer"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In mechanics research, evaluation of high-speed motion picture records involves several basic calculations which have to be repeated very often. The Springfield Armory has developed a special slide rule which will mechanically perform these computations, as well as some precalculations before taking the picture. It is believed that the proposed slide rule permits more rapid evaluations with fewer errors and with less highly trained personnel.",
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        "affiliation": "Karl W. Maier, Springfield Armory, Springfield 1, Mass.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The image phototube is destined to become an important means of taking good quality high-speed photographs. Its worth has already been proved in several fields. It has a much greater light efficiency than the Kerr Cell. A light gain is possible. The angle of view, in contrast to the Kerr Cell, is governed entirely by the lens system used. Relative applications of the device include ultra-high-speed stroboscopes and a versatile color television system. Application of the shutter to very fast multi-frame photography is discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Alsede W. Hogan, Missiles Division, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver Spring, Md.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "One of the most important components of good motion picture production as it exists today is the utilization of special effects and their proper planning. To accomplish the purpose of the advertiser, producer or exhibitor, necessary optical stresses must be carefully planned in television or motion picture work. To that end, we have attempted to set forth reasons why certain effects are used in various ways. The following statements should suggest rather than set the rule for what we think is proper according to the experience which the writer has had.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Several modifications in standard magnetic recording systems which provide greatly improved operating efficiency as well as economies in time and materials are described. These include facilities for: (1) stopping and reversing recorder and projector without losing synchronism, and (2) changing over from Record to Playback, or vice versa, silently, while running. These facilities muke it possible to correct errors in narration and re-recording jobs without need for rethreading, splicing or blooping the film. Also described is a new method for domestic and foreign lip-synchronous production which makes use of 35-mm magnetic loops.",
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        "affiliation": "George Lewin, Chief Recording Engineer, Sound Branch, Signal Corps Photographic Center, New York.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01831",
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    "docTitle": "Special Techniques in Magnetic Recording for Motion Picture Production",
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "653–663",
    "publicationDate": "1951-06-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Synchronous 1/4-in. magnetic tape can be used in various stages of motion picture production. With proper modifications of existing commercial equipment, 1/4-in. tape can be made to do practically everything possible with 35-mm sprocketed magnetic film. Savings in cost and storage space can be more than 90%. This new technique is equally valuable for producing motion pictures for television.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "George Lewin, Chief Recording Engineer, Sound Branch, Signal Corps Photographic Center, New York.",
        "name": "George Lewin"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01832",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 56, Issue: 6, June 1951)",
    "docTitle": "Synchronous ¼-In. Magnetic Tape for Motion Picture Production",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "664–671",
    "publicationDate": "1951-06-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The camera described has been designed specifically for video recording purposes, and therefore differs in many respects from the usual conception of a 16-mm camera. To accomplish intermittent film pulldown within the short space of time available, a multiple skip claw movement is utilized. The usual mechanical shutter is eliminated, but a device is incorporated to actuate an electronic shutter, which at the same time provides for the transition from 30-frames/sec television to 24-frames/sec film speed. In order to obtain the necessary film stability at the aperture, and to eliminate any tendency to scuff or wear off film emulsion at this point, a vacuum-operated film gate is utilized, which permits the camera to be operated for rather long uninterrupted periods of time. Provision is made within the camera for the simultaneous recording of sound, at standard spacing for correct sound synchronization.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "F. N. Gillette and R. A. White, General Precision Laboratory Incorporated, Pleasantville, N.Y.",
        "name": "F. N. Gillette"
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        "affiliation": "F. N. Gillette and R. A. White, General Precision Laboratory Incorporated, Pleasantville, N.Y.",
        "name": "R. A. White"
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    "number": "6",
    "pages": "672–679",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A screen is described having a gradational perforation pattern in each of the side areas between the central portion and the extreme sides of the screen. The central portion of the screen is uniformly perforated and the extreme side areas are of unperforated screen material. This perforation design tends to compensate for the uneven light intensity from modern carbon-arc lamps, resulting in a practically even light reflection from the surface of the screen. This paper describes a screen which has been designed to have a higher reflectance in the side portions of its surface than in the center, and reasons are presented why this screen is a practical solution to the uneven light distribution problem.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Charle R. Underhill, Jr., Engineering Products Dept., RCA Victor Division, Camden, N.J.",
        "name": "Charles R. Underhill"
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    "abstract": "A brief description is provided for the more important technical activities, including work in progress on composite photography, lighting equipment, wind machines, strippable adhesives, transportation equipment, plastics, diffusion cloths and other items of interest in the production of motion pictures. Mention is also made of the Research Council's function in connection with new products, inventions, television, stereoscopic motion pictures, standards and test films.",
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    "abstract": "A semiautomatic color analyzer is described for rapidly determining the extent of unbalance, or deviation from “type,” of a processed color negative or color positive monopack film. A standardized light source, a rotating color filter having three sectors which transmit narrow spectral bands of blue, green and red light, a multiplier-type phototube and amplifier, and a cathode-ray tube are employed. The sweep circuit of the cathode-ray tube is synchronized with the rotating filter wheel so that a horizontal straight-line image is produced when a gray or near-gray density of a “balanced” sample is in the light path. A cathode-ray tube image which deviates from a horizontal straight-line image indicates unbalance in a test sample, whereupon correction filters can be introduced in the light path by means of servomechanism devices to produce a horizontal straight-line or “balanced” condition.",
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    "abstract": "During the past several years the Motion Picture Studio Lighting Committee reports and papers have described studio lighting equipment, set power distribution and power supply.1–6 Some mention has been made of set lighting levels and lamp location but the variables are so great it was found exceedingly difficult to provide the information within the scope of a paper or report. Because of numerous requests for at least a general picture of set lighting levels and equipment placement, this report will describe and illustrate representative sets which were lighted for three-color photography and come within what may be termed as “high-key” lighting.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A stereoscope Schlieren system is described. A 16-mm Fastax Camera is used to photograph 10-in. sections of a 4 by 4 in. flame tube at 9000 frames/sec. A polarizing projection system is used. The depth effect is observed with burning gases provided sufficient detail is available in the image.",
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        "affiliation": "John H. Hett, Research Div., New York University College of Engineering, University Heights, New York 53, N.Y.",
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    "abstract": "Theater television requires picture quality comparable to that attained in feature film releases, and flexibility in program scheduling comparable to television broadcasting. A new 16-mm intermediate film system designed for these requirements is described. The system includes video recording equipment for pickup of coaxial-line or broadcast programs, high-intensity film projection equipment, and an automatic rapid film processor. The use of the rapid film processor is discussed in connection with delay techniques for adequate program scheduling. General operating characteristics are analyzed in terms of economics of the system.",
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        "affiliation": "Raymond L. Garman and Blair Foulds, General Precision Laboratory, Inc., Pleasantville, N. Y.",
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        "affiliation": "Raymond L. Garman and Blair Foulds, General Precision Laboratory, Inc., Pleasantville, N. Y.",
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    "docTitle": "Some Commercial Aspects of a New 16-Mm Intermediate Film Television System",
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    "abstract": "This paper reviews the uses of television film recording and the possibilities of applying the editing principle to it.",
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        "affiliation": "Cinema Dept., University of Southern California, 3441 W. Second St., Los Angeles 4, Calif.",
        "name": "Albert Abramson"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
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      "year": "1947"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
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    "pages": "i–i",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
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      "year": "1947"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The increased use of color in motion pictures has brought about a revival of interest in two-color bipack processes. With proper handling, allowing sufficient production time, and good co-ordination between camera, make-up, art, and wardrobe departments, the results with a two-color process are very adequate. The entire production program of the Hal Roach Studios is in a two-color process. The technical departments have had the advantage of planning for the limitations of a two-color process. This has enabled the studio to obtain the ultimate possible from such a process. This paper describes briefly some of the problems overcome and techniques developed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "John W. Boyle"
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      {
        "name": "Benjamin Berg"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1947"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01870",
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    "docTitle": "Studio Production with Two-Color Bipack Motion Picture Film",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01870",
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "111–115",
    "publicationDate": "1947-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "As a service organization for a large number of 16-mm producers in this country, we are constantly impressed with the obvious lack of adequate equipment for making good 16-mm sound. This paper is, in fact, a plea for general improvement in the engineering management and design of sound channels for 16-mm recording. This paper, recognizing the lack of availability of specialized 16-mm equipment, describes the practicability of adapting standard broadcast and disk recording equipment to 16-mm work. This may at first seem obvious, but many 16-mm producers still think that a 16-mm recorder requires a “16-mm amplifier.” An attempt is made to convey to the producer the fact that while we cannot buy new 16-mm recorders and film phonographs, we can surround our present recording units with finely engineered sound channels for recording and reproducing that will represent fine quality for years to come.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Allen Jacobs"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01871",
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    "docTitle": "The Practical Problems of 16-Mm Sound",
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    "number": "2",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The year 1946, on July 24, marked 30 years of achievement in motion picture engineering and standardization for the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. From its first organization meeting the Society has had as its fundamental aim the standardization of motion picture film, equipment, and accessories from the standpoint of dimensional tolerances, data, processes, nomenclature, and the like which either directly or indirectly might be applicable to the production, distribution, and exhibition phases of the motion picture industry. The early organizers, many of whom are now well-known engineers and scientists in this industry, did at their fist meetings 30 years ago originate proposals to become standards of the SMPE, as the American Standards Association did not exist. These proposals and SMPE Standards were reviewed and redrafted many times before eventually becoming American Standards in the early 30's.",
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    "abstract": "Among the devices for light control are color filters for separation selection, neutral filters for supplementary control of exposures, and polarizing filters. Polarizers may be used in photography for the control of reflections and for exposure and contrast control of certain surfaces. Among the many uses of polarizers which are of interest in photography is their application to photoelastic analysis. Another application is in the production of special effects in color and black-and-white photography. Of particular interest is the application of polarizers and polarizing photo-materials to three-dimensional photography. The paper discusses briefly the fundamental mathematics involved in the polarizing effect with particular reference to crossed polarizers.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "J. A. Norling"
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    "docTitle": "Light Control by Polarization and the Application of Polarizers to the Stereoscopic Process",
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    "number": "2",
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    "abstract": "Those of you who were present at the Technical Conference of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, held October 1945 in New York, may have heard the several excellent papers presented on the characteristics and early tests of the RCA 1P37 blue-sensitive photocell. This cell was developed at the request of several of the color-film companies to reproduce the dye-image sound tracks which will be associated with certain color motion pictures. These papers appeared in the May 1946 issue of the Journal.",
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      {
        "name": "Lloyd T. Goldsmith"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01874",
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    "docTitle": "Preliminary Report of Research Council Photocell Subcommittee",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "145–147",
    "publicationDate": "1947-02-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This paper describes a new 35-mm film recorder designed to meet the operational and performance requirements of the major Hollywood studios. Features which simplify operating the machine are described. Serviceability has been stressed throughout the design, and the many figures illustrate what has been accomplished. Performance compares favorably with any recorder yet built, and values of flutter are presented.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "M. E. Collins"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01875",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 48, Issue: 2, February 1947)",
    "docTitle": "A De Luxe Film Recording Machine",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01875",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "148–156",
    "publicationDate": "1947-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The new Mitchell 16-mm camera has been designed as an all-purpose double-system camera, suitable for high speed or sound when used in a blimp. This paper describes briefly some of the features incorporated in the new camera.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Friend F. Baker"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1947"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01876",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 48, Issue: 2, February 1947)",
    "docTitle": "A New 16-Mm Professional Camera",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01876",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "157–162",
    "publicationDate": "1947-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "During the past year the work of the American Standards Association Sectional Committee on Motion Pictures, Z22, has resulted in the reaffirmation of eight Z22 standards and adoption of fifteen Z52 War Standards as Z22 standards. This is part of a comprehensive effort by the committee to bring up to date all existing Standards and consider any meritorious proposals for adoption as additional standards. Shortly after the end of the war, the membership of the committee was reviewed in order to ensure adequate representation by all interested parties.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1947"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01877",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 48, Issue: 2, February 1947)",
    "docTitle": "Report of Sectional Committee on Motion Pictures, Z22",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01877",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "163–166",
    "publicationDate": "1947-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "John G. Bradley"
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    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01878",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 48, Issue: 2, February 1947)",
    "docTitle": "Specifications on Motion Picture Film for Permanent Records",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01878",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01878",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "167–170",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01878182184A",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01878182184A",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "182–184",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Mr. Bradley: Three to five hundred years for acetate film, at which time it can be copied and perpetuated for perhaps three to five thousand years.",
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      {
        "name": "F. T. Bowditch"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The Theater Engineering, Construction, and Operation Committee of the SMPE has been formed for the purpose of rendering to motion picture theaters the same type of technical and scientific service that the Society renders to the other branches of the industry.",
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    "abstract": "Discussions about digital component recording have been under way since 1979. For about one year appropriate equipment has been on the market, and other equipment will follow. The introduction of the 19-mm component DVTR represents a significant advance in technology and operational practice. Next, of course, is the transition from analog video to digital video, then a further transition from composite video to component video. The digital component video recorder can be considered the key for the digital studio of the future.",
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    "abstract": "This article describes a mobile system developed by NHK for the live coverage of marathon races, which have become increasingly popular in Japan, In conjunction with an outside broadcast (OB) van traveling ahead of the front runners, the motorcycle-mounted system is used to take shots of groups of runners, spectators along the course, and similar shots at close range. NHK plans to improve the system further for additional use in electronic news gathering (ENG).",
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "S. Takenoshita"
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
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    "abstract": "The arts of film and videotape-based audio post-production have developed separately. Each field used different techniques to edit, synchronize, and mix sound. By integrating equipment from both fields into one system, greater efficiency and flexibility have been achieved. This system is especially appropriate for material that is originated on film but released on videotape.",
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    "abstract": "The Hollywood Film Co. (HFC) Proofing Printer is an upgraded version of the original unit, which received an Academy Award. The purpose of the printer remains the same. After the negative has passed through the color analyzer for electronic grading, it is sent to the proofing printer for a first trial print, which is a short strip of film made by exposing one or more frames of each scene. The result is a representation of the entire negative, to be used for correcting the color grading provided by the color analyzer. This correction is done as the scenes are projected on a film strip projector. The new HFC version of the proofing printer provides a servo film transport for automatically positioning the negative to print at exactly the frame the grader selected while using the color analyzer. It also has a new daylight printer chamber for printing in a daylight environment.",
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        "affiliation": "Hollywood Film Co., Los Angeles, CA 90023.",
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    "abstract": "This article discusses the problems related to audio-to-video (A/V) synchronization in television programming and the effects this can have on the home viewer. Several suggestions for improving the technical quality of A/V sync are suggested.",
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        "affiliation": "SMPTE Headquarters, White Plains, NY 10607. Photos by John Pytlak, Eastman Kodak Co.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "An address presented at the Luncheon of the Society on the opening day (October 11th) of the Fall, 1937. Convention, at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, N. Y.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Quigley Publishing Co., New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "Martin Quigley"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01906",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Propaganda, Education, and the Entertainment Film",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01906",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "592–595",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Proceedings of the demonstration of television given by the Radio Corporation of America and the National Broadcasting Company on October 14, 1937, as the final session of the Fall, 1937, Convention of the Society.",
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01907",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Television Demonstration at the Fall Convention",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01907",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01907",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "596–602",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The historical background of three-dimensional motion pictures is first discussed, leading up to the requirements of true stereoscopy and a discussion of some of the factors involved, such as overlap, detail, apparent sizes of objects, haze, lighting effects, and two-eye pictures taken eye-distance apart. Serious three-dimensional work falls into two classes: (a) critical-angle stereoscopy, and (b) anaglyph stereoscopy. Under the latter heading falls the use of colors to achieve stereoscopic effects, as in Lumière's work, and Audioscopics, which have several disadvantages; also polarizing anaglyphs, first operated by Anderton in 1893, and most recently through the use of Polaroid. Advantages to be gained from three-dimensional pictures in color as opposed to single pictures using the same color system are explained. Some of the problems of photographers and theaters in using the Polaroid system are described, followed by a discussion of the advantages of stereoscopic pictures in dramatic delineation.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Land-Wheelwright Laboratories, Boston Mass.",
        "name": "G. W. Wheelwright"
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    "copyright": {
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      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01908",
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    "docTitle": "Possibilities of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "603–613",
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Among the important projects under consideration by the Committee are (1) a survey of theater characteristics, as regards screen sizes and brightnesses; viewing angles and areas; projection angles and auditorium dimensions; and equipment in use; (2) a study of screen illumination; and (3) investigation of fire hazards. The major portion of the report deals with a proposed revision of projector aperture dimensions by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, and the Committee's arguments for disapproving the proposals.",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01909",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Report of the Projection Practice Committee",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01909",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "614–621",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "It is desirable that all laboratories dealing with photographic problems shall be in agreement upon the significance of the term “density,” and that the means for numerically determining this value shall be specifiable. In different optical systems, the apparent “light-stopping power” of a given photographic image will vary because of the manner in which that sample reflects, scatters, and absorbs light. Since the numerical value obtained depends upon the characteristics of the optical system used in the densitometer, it becomes necessary to specify the optical system to be used as a reference standard. Because it may be definitely specified, the integrating sphere is suggested as the light-collector for this standard optical system. Precautions that must be followed in using the sphere are enumerated. It is shown that once some standard optical system is adopted, several other types of optical systems may be employed in practical instruments if the instruments are calibrated under actual working conditions with photographic images previously measured in the system adopted as standard. The paper concludes with a discussion of the interrelationships of log10 apparent opacity as determined in several optical systems commonly used in densitometry.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Clifton Tuttle"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.",
        "name": "A. M. Koerner"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01910",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Standardization of Photographic Densitometry",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01910",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "622–628",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "It is well known that the per cent syllable articulation decreases with increasing distance between the speaker and the microphone or listener. It is shown that when a velocity-ribbon microphone is set so far behind a pressure-operated microphone that the recorded reverberation is the same for both microphones, the per cent syllable articulation remains unchanged. Attention is drawn to the undesirable effects of interference for steady tones, and mention is made of ways to reduce such interference.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif.",
        "name": "M. Rettinger"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01911",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Notes on the Velocity Microphone",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01911",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01911",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "629–634",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A discussion of interference effects in rooms, and their influence upon syllable articulation and naturalness of reproduction. Results achieved with different types of microphones, placement of the microphone, and acoustic treatment of the room are discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "RCA Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif.",
        "name": "M. Rettinger"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01912",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Interference Effects in Rooms",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01912",
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    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "635–642",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A résumé, of membership activities since the beginning of the year. The growth of membership is continuing apace, and at the present time stands at its all-time high figure.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "E. R. Geib"
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    ],
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01913",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "Report of Membership and Subscription Committee",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01913",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "643–644",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "G. M. Sprague"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Culver City, Calif.",
        "name": "John K. Hilliard"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01914",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "A Continuous Level Recorder for Routine Studio and Theater Measurements",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01914",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01914",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "645–655",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/29/6/14/",
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    "volume": "29",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Universal Studios, Universal City, Calif.",
        "name": "L. A. Aicholtz"
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    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1937"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J01915",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 29, Issue: 6, December 1937)",
    "docTitle": "A Curve-Plotting Transmission Meter",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01915",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J01915",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "655–660",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Paramount Pictures, Inc., Hollywood, Calif.",
        "name": "L. D. Grignon"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "year": "1937"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01916",
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    "docTitle": "A Curve-Plotting Transmission Meter",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01916",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "6",
    "pages": "660–662",
    "publicationDate": "1937-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 93, Issue: 1, January 1984)",
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    "pages": "59–59",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "meeting-report",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1953"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01964",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 61, Issue: 3_Pt_1, September 1953)",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01964",
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    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( Volume: 60, Issue: 5, May 1953)",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The Committee on Progress, as it was known then, was one of the first committees formed soon after the Society was founded in 1916. The 1920 Report of the Committee on Progress, published in Transactions of the Society in May 1920, consisted of five pages and concerned itself mainly with the manufacture of arc lamp carbons, motion-picture theater projection booth equipment, and the development of gas-filled incandescent lamps for projection. The report has been published annually since those formative years.",
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    "contentType": "advert",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01974",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 8, August 1983)",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01975",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Recommended Practice: Specifications for Azimuth Test Film for 8-mm Type S Audio Reproducers, Magnetic Type",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01976",
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    "docTitle": "Proposed American National Standard: Motion-Picture Equipment–Projection Reels (75-mm Diameter)–8-mm Type S Motion-Picture Film",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01980",
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    "docTitle": "Proposed: SMPTE Recommended Practice",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "future-events",
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      "year": "1983"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "163–163",
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    "abstract": "Digital PAL-respective NTSC-decoding and sophisticated analog hardware have contributed to the sharp increase in digital processing of video signals for HDTV. This paper details several important steps in digital signal processing, discussing signal separation with digital filters, improvement of picture sharpness, aperture correction of luminance channels, switching equalization of chrominance channels, and noise reduction. The processing of luminance and chrominance channels is outlined, with supporting figures and illustrations throughout.",
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        "affiliation": "Institut fur Nachrichtentechnik, Braunschweig, West Germany.",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01984",
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    "docTitle": "Picture Enhancement for PAL-coded TV Signals by Digital Processing in TV Receivers",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J01984",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "164–169",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article outlines several steps that will ensure full exchange compatibility between time-coded 1/4-in. tapes, allowing two or more audio/video data units to be fully interlocked. Five basic parameters are fully defined. They are tracks configuration, tracks dimensions, modulation type, magnetic flux, and coincidence of audio signal and time code signal. The parameters are illustrated, and detailed observations of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system are given. In addition, possible areas of application are detailed, with supporting figures.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Studer International AG, Regensdorf, Switzerland",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Time Code Recording on Quarter-Inch Tape",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "170–176",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Recent developments in magnetic oxide manufacturing have made possible a new high-output, low-noise magnetic film. This product exhibits greater headroom and lower distortion. Oxide surface treatment creates a very smooth surface resulting in low asperity noise. A durable oxide binder allows many record/play passes with minimal signal degradation. It is designed for critical master recordings and yields quality heretofore unattainable with current state-of-the-art magnetic film.",
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        "affiliation": "3M Co., St. Paul, Minn",
        "name": "Donald Anderson"
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    "docTitle": "A New Generation of Magnetic Film for Motion-Picture Recording",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "177–183",
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    "abstract": "Xenon short arc lamps were developed in Europe over thirty years ago, but were not used in the United States until twenty years ago. The first major applications of these lamps were with developments associated with the New York World's Fair, and later serious applications were found in studios and theaters in the mid-1960's. Since that time, growth in the use of xenon arc lamps has been rapid and widespread. Unfortunately, with only half-a-dozen factory sources, the various short arc bulbs were often introduced in noninterchangeable designs by manufacturers using a variety of lengths and pin fittings. This tends to complicate the various applications, but there are a limited number of lamp designs between 500 and 5000 W which fit all studio and theater applications. The various types and sizes are outlined and reviewed here. Over the past thirty years, a number of cathode, anode, and arc space designs have been developed, with varying degrees of success and different lamp lives.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Optical Radiation Corp., 1300 Optical Drive, Azusa, CA 91702",
        "name": "Kenneth Luttio"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Optical Radiation Corp., 1300 Optical Drive, Azusa, CA 91702",
        "name": "Glenn Berggren"
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      "year": "1983"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J01987",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 92, Issue: 2, February 1983)",
    "docTitle": "Xenon Short Arc Lamps for Film Projection: The State of the Art after 20 Years",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J01987",
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "184–190",
    "publicationDate": "1983-02-01",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Existing Standards and Recommended Practices for magnetic audio recording use widely divergent terminology, notation, and mathematics, even though their technical subject matter is very similar. It is shown that two relatively simple formulas are sufficient to describe the recorded characteristic curve in all relevant documents. Some basic definitions of terms are suggested, and the mathematics used in the documents are discussed. Comments with regard to some specific existing documents are included.",
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        "name": "Pablok Weinschen-Tabernero"
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    "number": "2",
    "pages": "191–203",
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    "abstract": "Television broadcasting from satellites directly to low-cost individual home receivers will be widespread in many countries before the end of the decade. Canadian field trials have provided valuable experience with direct broadcasting satellites (DBS) operations and have increased awareness of the potential for such technology. A comprehensive study plan leading to the introduction of DBS service in Canada as early as 1983 is now under way.",
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    "abstract": "A high-resolution tri-electrode pickup tube for a single-tube color camera has been successfully developed. The tube's target consists of RGB color filter stripes, three sets of signal electrode stripes, and an Se-As-Te amorphous photoconductor. Signal electrode stripes with tapered edges at an angle less than 15°, and an ultra-thin conductive layer deposited on gaps between the signal electrode stripes, have been employed to maintain the characteristics of the amorphous photoconductor. The tube's resolution has reached 500 TV lines, owing to the 1059 fine color filter stripes employed.",
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    "abstract": "This article discusses the need for a worldwide HDTV standard that will be maximally compatible with recent digital TV standards. It derives this compatible standard from the worldwide digital studio standard, and proposes a new set of specific scanning parameters to be considered as a new worldwide standard for teleproduction and electronic cinematography applications.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The editing of video signals is usually based on the visual content of the video signal. This means the associated audio signal editing must be done to match the required final visual product. Since the visual editing is restricted at least to integer fields and more generally to every other frame, these same time restrictions will apply to the audio editing. When the video and audio signals are digitally encoded, their sampling rates should be related to each other exactly. This article shows how video systems may use the 50 kHz audio sample rate, how this rate is locked to the video system, and methods of performing the actual digital audio edits to coincide acceptably with the associated edited digital video signal.",
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        "affiliation": "3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.",
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    "abstract": "Eastman color print film 5384/7384 combines the benefits of process ECP-2 (with shortened processing wet time), significantly improved dark-keeping dye stability, and reduced sensitivity to process variations. The new film is designed to replace all formats of Eastman color SP print film 5383/7383 and Eastman color LFSP print film 7379 currently available. The sensitometric characteristics, image structure, color rendition, and performance of the new film are discussed.",
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    "abstract": "This paper describes the high-frequency attenuation of sound waves passing through perforated motion-picture screens of the matte white variety. For the same percent of open area, a screen with smaller-diameter circular holes has fewer treble losses than one with larger-diameter holes. There is a limit to this effect, which occurs when the diameter of the hole is equal to or smaller than the thickness of the screen, at which point viscous losses occur in the cylindrical holes. The paper is not all-inclusive but should lead to further investigation on the part of screen and loudspeaker manufacturers.",
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    "abstract": "A method has been developed for greatly increasing the strength and reliability of lamps for use in HMI equipment. The new lamps incorporate a seal/sidearm which has the high-strength properties of tempered glass. This principle of construction has made possible the development of a 6000-W lamp which has greatly increased arc brightness. Because of its small source size, high brightness, and high efficiency, the 6000-W lamp duplicates the operation of the 225-amp carbon arc, using only one-quarter the power.",
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    "abstract": "This article outlines several test methods for determining the slip properties of film. One method can determine whether or not a film has been lubricated, while other methods can deduce the exact friction coefficient of different types of film. These methods aid the movement of film through a camera by analyzing the different forces acting on the film, and help prevent such problems as picture jitter, damage, and even breakage of film.",
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    "docTitle": "A Reprint: A Proposal for the Measurement of the Frictional Properties of Raw Film Stock",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "This article reviews the scope and diversity of current still store operations at CBS News, and takes note of the developing trends in the functional management and application of such systems.",
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        "affiliation": "CBS Television Network, New York.",
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    "docTitle": "A Tribute to the Late William Hedden",
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    "abstract": "Projection provides the industry's closest contact with the public, whose continued patronage is dependent largely upon the quality of the projected picture and the reproduced sound—the finished product which embodies the work of all other branches of the industry. Acceptance of the foregoing fact leads naturally to a consideration of the means available for maintaining at all times a high standard of quality. The Committee feels that every facility that aids, even remotely, in maintaining a high standard of projection should willingly be provided.",
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        "name": "J. O. Baker"
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        "name": "T. C. Barrows"
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        "name": "J. J. Finn"
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        "name": "C. Flannagan"
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        "name": "S. Glauber"
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        "name": "C. Green"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "An experimental demonstration apparatus is described for projecting motion pictures in relief by application of the principle of the parallax panoramagram. A series of thirty-two posed, still pictures is made by the use of a large diameter concave mirror forming an image on a transparent concave ridged screen, which in turn is imaged on lantern-slide plates. Positives from these negatives are mounted on a slowly rotating disk in the slide plane of a projection lantern. A flashing mercury lamp illuminates each picture as it comes into position. The projected image is received upon the back of a translucent convex ridged screen. When viewed from the front, the moving picture changes its appearance with the observing position, and exhibits stereoscopic relief.",
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    "docTitle": "An Experimental Apparatus for the Projection of Motion Pictures in Relief",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "A new type of arc operated on alternating current is a desirable substitute for the low-intensity, direct-current arc used in the majority of motion picture theaters. This arc is a modification of the well-known white-flame arc, in which the light sources are concentrated at the electrodes by using heavy currents and low arc voltages on specially designed carbons. It is operated at current densities higher than those employed in direct-current arcs, and produces a screen light of a blue-white color similar to that obtained with the direct-current, high-intensity arc. The bluish white screen light is remarkably steady and uniform. The power required to produce a given screen illumination is considerably less than that required with the low-intensity, direct-current arc.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "D. B. Joy"
      },
      {
        "name": "A. C. Downes"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02038",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "A New Alternating-Current Projection Arc",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02038",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02038",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "116–125",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/5/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Summary—To increase the light output per watt, to improve the actinicity of the light, to increase the proportion of blue light badly needed for color photography, and to reduce the size and number and increase the output of the lighting units, tungsten lamp filaments are heated to temperatures as near the melting point as is practicable. Reference data are presented on lumen output, efficiency, color (energy) distribution, and lamp life. Practicable safe operating limits are indicated. A new “super photoflood” lamp is described and data on overvoltage lamp operation for location lighting are presented for reference.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "M. W. Palmer"
      },
      {
        "name": "E. W. Beggs"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02039",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "Professional Motion Picture Photography with High-Intensity Short-Life Incandescent Lamps",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02039",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02039",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "126–136",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/6/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "Most hardening fixing baths containing potassium alum tend to lose their hardening properties and precipitate a sludge of aluminum sulfite long before the fixing power of the sodium thiosulfate becomes exhausted. It is customary in large-scale practice to offset this loss in hardening properties by adding acid to the bath several times during its useful life. The addition of boric acid (5 grams per liter) to a fixing bath containing potassium alum has been found to increase the hardening life about four times and to minimize the sludging tendency to such an extent that revival with acid is unnecessary during the useful life of the bath. A detailed study has been made of the properties of fixing baths containing potassium alum, acetic acid, sodium sulfite, and boric acid, and a suitable formula is recommended for motion picture work. Except for tropical use, it is considered that the formula containing boric acid is to be preferred to most chrome alum fixing baths which require frequent revival with acid during use'in order to maintain uniform hardening properties.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "H. D. Russell"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y",
        "name": "J. I. Crabtree"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02040",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "An Improved Potassium Alum Fixing Bath Containing Boric Acid",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02040",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02040",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "137–153",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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        "orphan/10.5594-J02040/bibr4-10.5594_J02040",
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/7/",
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      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
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          "undated": true
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        {
          "id": "orphan/10.5594-J02040/bibr3-10.5594_J02040",
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        {
          "id": "orphan/10.5594-J02040/bibr4-10.5594_J02040",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "The need of determining accurately the brightness of subjects to be photographed so as to enable the cinematographer to determine the optimum exposure of the film in motion picture cameras by instrumental means rather than by visual estimate, is discussed at some length; and the errors inherent in the visual methods are shown to be very considerable. An exposure meter known as the Graphometer has been designed for the purpose of enabling the cinematographer to determine the proper exposure of the film; it operates on the photoelectric cell principle and may be used with a standard camera. A brief discussion of the method of using the Graphometer is included.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "M. Lasky"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "New York, N. Y.",
        "name": "B. Rubin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02041",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "A Practical Method and Photometer for Controlling Exposures in Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02041",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02041",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "154–160",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/8/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "This paper deals with the various problems involved in applying sound to 16-mm. film and points out the advantages of the particular type of film that was chosen. There are two general methods of producing 16-mm. positives, the direct and the indirect. The direct method involves the recording of sound directly on a 16-mm. negative, from which is printed a 16-mm. positive either by contact or by the reversal process. The indirect method concerns various ways of obtaining 16-mm. positives from 35-mm. film. The problems involved in printing and reproducing 16-mm. sound films are discussed.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "C. N. Batsel"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Photophone and Applications Div., Engineering Dept., RCA Victor Co., Inc., Camden, N. J",
        "name": "J. O. Baker"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02042",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "Sound Recording and Reproducing Using 16-mm. Film",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02042",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02042",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "161–165",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/9/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J05436",
      "10.5594-J07462"
    ],
    "docDependancy": true,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "abstract": "By operating the filaments of high-efficiency tungsten lamps at higher voltages than normal, not only are the operating characteristics of the lamps improved, but a more desirable spectral energy distribution for color photography is attained, the increase of the blue-violet radiation amounting to about 140 per cent of the increase of the red-orange radiation. In view of the fixed voltages used on sets, the lamps are, in effect, designed for lower voltage and wattage. Data on the candle-power distribution with suitable reflectors are presented.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "R. E. Farnham"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02043",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "The Use of Mazda Lamps for Color Photography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02043",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02043",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "166–171",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "references": {
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        "orphan/10.5594-J02043/bibr1-10.5594_J02043"
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    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/10/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "referencesResolved": {
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        {
          "id": "orphan/10.5594-J02043/bibr1-10.5594_J02043",
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      ],
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    },
    "referencedBy": [
      "10.5594-J14556"
    ],
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02044",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "Society of Motion Picture Engineers: Officers 1933",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02044",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02044",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "172–172",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "volume": "21",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02045",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "Committees: 1933",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02045",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02045",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "173–175",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/12/",
    "status": {
      "active": true
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "docTypeAbr": "",
    "docDependancy": false,
    "currentStatus": "Active"
  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPE",
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1933"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02046",
    "docLabel": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 21, Issue: 2, August 1933)",
    "docTitle": "Society Announcements",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02046",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02046",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0097-5834"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "176–177",
    "publicationDate": "1933-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Engineers/21/2/13/",
    "status": {
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    "volume": "21",
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  },
  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Holographic processes offer a number of advantages over conventional photographic processes. Many of these advantages are due to the high information density possible using holography. It is proving possible to develop holographic motion picture systems not only with flat images but also with three-dimensional images. The high resolving power of holographic film stock makes it possible to obtain higher image quality while reducing the amount of film stock needed. It is therefore possible to construct equipment that is smaller and lighter than conventional equipment. Difficulties in the process still remain, but they are being overcome. Research work carried out at NIKFI, Moscow, is described and confirms that the use of holographic processes in cinematography is promising.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "NIKFI, Leningradsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, 125167, U.S.S.R.",
        "name": "V. G. Komar"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "NIKFI, Leningradsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, 125167, U.S.S.R.",
        "name": "O. I. Ioshin"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02047",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 12, December 1980)",
    "docTitle": "Motion Pictures and Holography",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02047",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02047",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "927–930",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "front-cover",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02047C1",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 12, 1980)",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "C1–C1",
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    "contentType": "toc",
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      "year": "1980"
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Table of Contents",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "i–i",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02047iiiiA",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 12, 1980)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Journal — Editorial Board",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "ii–ii",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Several years ago Ampex recognized the need for a new generation of high-writing-speed, one-field-per-scan video recorders that would have low initial and operating costs, while offering a simple but effective internal editing facility. A program was also established to investigate the feasibility of improving the slow motion capability of such a recorder. Various systems were considered; however, a head that moved relative to the rotating portion of the scanner and, therefore, transverse to the recorded track on the tape was ultimately selected. Two approaches to physically moving the head transverse to the recorded track were considered in some detail. The approach decided upon uses a piezoelectric element onto which the head transducer is mounted. A bi-morph bender element configuration was found to be ideal. This type of system formed the basis for the development of the Auto Scan Tracking (AST) system used in the VPR-1 and VPR-2 professional one-inch helical recorders. Some of the engineering advances required for the system are discussed, including flexure longevity, flexure stability in a dynamic environment, and maintenance of head-to-tape contact at large deflections.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Ampex Corp. 401 Broadway. Redwood City. CA 94063.",
        "name": "R. A. Hathaway"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Ampex Corp. 401 Broadway. Redwood City. CA 94063.",
        "name": "Ray Ravizza"
      }
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02048",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 89, Issue: 12, December 1980)",
    "docTitle": "Development and Design of the Ampex Auto Scan Tracking (AST) System",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02048",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "931–934",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "The distribution system for network television signals involves the tandem connection of many different transmission systems, all of which presently operate using analog techniques. During the 1980s, the common carriers will install many digital transmission systems so as to realize the maximum economic benefit from digital switching machines. As a consequence it is virtually certain that by 1990 some, if not most, of the distribution system for network television signals will involve the use of digital transmission techniques. The present situation regarding digital transmission of television signals in North America is reviewed and some areas of concern are noted. There is an obvious need for close liaison between the broadcaster, the common carriers, the manufacturers, and the regulatory authorities if the present quality of the distribution system is to be maintained.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "MacDonald, Dettwiler & Associates Ltd., 10280 Shellbridge Way, Richmond, B.C., Canada V6X 2Z9.",
        "name": "Denis J. Connor"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02049",
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    "docTitle": "Network Distribution of Digital Television Signals",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "935–938",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Digital methods so far have been used relatively little in picture origination equipment such as cameras and telecine, mainly because analog methods have been considered adequate and less expensive. There are signs, however, that the situation is slowly changing — as digital processing begins to be used for signals from image sensors. A complete all-digital channel has been in experimental use at the BBC for several years; stability and performance are good. Such all-digital channels may gain in popularity, owing to recent developments in flying-spot and solid-state telecines. Much depends on the availability of high-resolution (at least 11 bits) high-speed analog-to-digital converters. Use of line-array image sensors with digital storage can improve picture quality and simplify adjustment. Cameras with solid-state sensors are likely to need fairly complex correction systems. In principle the storage of element-to-element information is possible and will become more practicable as compact storage develops.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "British Broadcasting Corp., Research Department, Kingswood Warren, Tadworth, Surrey KT20 6NP, England.",
        "name": "J. Richard Sanders"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02050",
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    "docTitle": "Digital Methods in Picture Origination Equipment — An Overview",
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    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "938–942",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Recently, fiber optics technology has advanced considerably, and television applications have now become possible. Information transmission along an optical fiber cable makes use of the many advantages that characterize the optical fiber. The basics of light conduction along an optical fiber, and different types of fibers are illustrated. Light emitters and light detectors that are useful for fiber cable transmission are the LED and the laser diode emitter and the avalanche photodivide (APD) and the PIN photodiode light detector. The basic layout of a fiber cable circuit is rather simple. Its schematics are described. The application of optoelectronic transmission of camera output and camera control signals has been implemented for the KCA 100 camera. Time multiplex and frequency multiplex methods can be used in fiber optical signal transmission. Pulse frequency modulation (PFM) was chosen as the preferred system. An example of a practical application of optoelectronic signal transmission in two directions between camera and base station is illustrated.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Robert Bosch GmbH, Geschäftsbereieh Fernsehanlagen. Robert-Bosch-Str. 7, 6100 Darmstadt. West Germany.",
        "name": "M. Marey"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02051",
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    "docTitle": "Fiber-Optical Signal Transmission between a TV Camera and Its Base Station",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02051",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "942–946",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "A modification of the CIE 1964 (U*V*W*) color-difference formula suggested recently by Schroeder is shown to be very similar to the CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) formula. The latter is therefore advocated to promote uniformity of practice in rating color errors in television systems.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Division of Physics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6 Canada.",
        "name": "A. R. Robertson"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02052",
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    "docTitle": "Color Error Formulas",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02052",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02052",
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      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "947–947",
    "publicationDate": "1980-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "Editor's Note: The Journal Office at SMPTE Headquarters has received a lot of favorable comment regarding the paper by Pritchard and Gibson, published in the February 1980 Journal, on the NTSC, PAL, and SECAM color television standards, with their many variants. One letter, by Michael Robin of the Canadian Broadcasting Corp., pointed out that this timely and interesting article could be enhanced if some additional comments were published. Consequently, after consulting with one of the original authors (Pritchard) and with Robin, we are pleased to offer the following letter-addendum to SMPTE Journal readers. We thank both Mr. Robin and the original authors for their valuable information.",
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        "affiliation": "Studio Systems Department, Engineering Headquarters, Canadian Broadcasting Corp., 7925 Côte St. Luc Rd., Montreal, P. Q. H4W 1R5, Canada.",
        "name": "Michael Robin"
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    "docTitle": "Addendum to “Worldwide Color Television Standards — Similarities and Differences”",
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    "docTitle": "15th Annual SMPTE Television Conference: 6–7 February 1981, St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco",
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "950–950",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "abstract": "To complement its new generation of large-format, wide-field stereoscopic motion-picture projection systems, Imax Corp. developed a unique, compact, 3-D camera capable of 48 frames/sec to simplify production for the filmmaker in the IMAX SOLIDO® and IMAX® 3D formats. This is the first 15-perf 65mm camera to utilize dual movements and fisheye lenses to capture very wide fields of view suitable for 3-D dome-screen projection. The IMAX 3D camera accepts interchangeable sets of fixed interocular lenses and produces separate film images for right and left eyes that can be directly contact printed and projected with no intervening optical printing stages. This article traces the specification and development issues faced by the multidisciplinary technical teams at Imax and discusses the rationale for the design benefits and tradeoffs of the patented configuration.",
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    "abstract": "The advent of digital video systems for capturing, manipulating, and transmitting digitized images has created challenges for existing technologies because very high data volumes and data transfer rates are necessary to reproduce high-quality video images. While digital data compression methods have made it possible to consider using digital video for everyday applications, there is still a challenge when a significant amount of digital video needs to be stored for future use. This paper describes a storage method using an optical disc technology that promises a convenient low-cost solution to the digital video storage problem. This method allows permanent storage of as much as four hours of broadcast-quality digital video or one hour of digital HDTV on a single side of a 12-in. recordable disc. This technology will be available very soon and is expected to have a major impact on many applications of digital video.",
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    "abstract": "This article describes the ISP500 multistandard image sequence storage system. It is capable of handling any currently used video standard, as well as synthetic formats that might have to be analyzed, particularly those under consideration for implementation in the future. The system's extremely high throughput rates for the internal system bus and the various video input/output processors ensure its ability to define, program, and process any such video formats. Multistandard image sequence storage systems are ideal platforms for HDTV research, picture coding, and simulation of future visual communication services.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Color television systems have always assumed a specific display, with the color coding in the camera and transmission system derived from this display using the CIE system of colorimetric specification. However, display phosphors have changed since the beginnings of color television, resulting in increased display luminance at the expense of significantly reduced color gamut. Since camera characteristics have changed to be compatible with current cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, the color gamut that is captured and transmitted is limited to these displays. We will likely see new display technologies in the future, and these may well be capable of exhibiting a larger color gamut than current CRTs. Other imaging systems, such as film, have color gamuts larger than current CRTs, so interoperability with other imaging systems demands a larger color gamut. For future television we need to define a source coding colorimetry that satisfies our long-term need for a larger color gamut. We can then perform color transformations at system interfaces and, in some displays, to derive the signals appropriate for that specific system or display. Two approaches for capturing a larger color gamut are considered and are discussed here. The one that allows negative and above-white RGB signals seems to be the most readily implemented with current technology and is being evaluated for inclusion into the production standards for future television systems.",
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    "abstract": "This article describes the newly developed high-definition digital frame recorder, the Sony HDDF-500. It was developed as a versatile new tool, based on the SMPTE 240M 1125-line, 60-Hz standard for HDTV. The three-channel (G, B, R), equal-bandwidth recording system uses dynamic RAM memory to capture images from a real-time analog or digital source. It operates like an HD digital VTR, with the potential application for special effects and animation in the motion-picture industry, for computer graphics and image storage in the printing and publishing industries, and for many other industrial applications requiring storage and retrieval of HDTV images.",
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    "abstract": "There are many video formats in use throughout the world today. These include analog and digital representations of composite video, several versions of component analog video, and component digital video. Grass Valley Group has developed a family of products that can take advantage of this extensive collection of video formats. The Kaleidoscope and Kadenza systems were designed with multiple video-format inputs and outputs in mind. To round out this unique multiformat flexibility, new digital transcoders have been developed, which provide a direct digital interface between D-2 composite digital tape machines and these systems. These digital transcoders make extensive use of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to provide a high-quality product in a compact package.",
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    "abstract": "Robotic camera control systems are being installed in news studios to increase efficiency and make better use of available manpower. Robotics can also help the news director produce more interesting programs. Coordination of elevation and dolly movement with pan and tilt allows creative shots of anchor desks. Newsrooms can be programmed and replayed with the knowledge that the intended effect will be faithfully reproduced.",
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    "abstract": "Previous work has shown that fatigue of the visual process as a whole is not directly measurable; it is therefore necessary to adopt the alternative method of studying the individual processes involved in vision. An analysis of the studies so far made on these unit functions shows that the motor processes involved are not readily fatigued; ineffective activity of these processes, however, rapidly leads to sensations of fatigue. This activity results from inadequate sensory projection, whether the inadequacy is a result of difficult external seeing conditions or of decreased efficiency of the retinal processes. Experiments were performed which showed that (1) the effective intensity of a given stimulus was affected considerably by the previous activity of the retina; (2) contrasts, and especially flicker, produced a marked retinal fatigue; (3) the site of this fatigue lay in the retinal structures behind the sense endings rather than in the sense endings themselves. It is concluded that retinal fatigue contributes a larger factor to visual fatigue than has hitherto been supposed; as long as the visual task is such that the factors producing a decrease in retinal efficiency are minimal, as is not usually the case in viewing the motion picture, visual fatigue will not supervene with unusual rapidity.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "A high access speed, high-quality, and high-reliability videodisc recorder, the VF-l Video Disk Recorder, has been developed. This recorder uses magneto-optical disks with a diameter of 20 cm (8 in.) as the recording medium. The unit can make a digital recording of full-motion scenes at 30 frames/sec and accommodate two channels of audio for 2 min and 36 sec on one disk. The VF-l Video Disk Recorder and its application system, the VFS-500 Video File System, are discussed and described in this article.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "NEC Corp., Tokyo 183, Japan.",
        "name": "Y. Sasaki"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NEC Corp., Tokyo 183, Japan.",
        "name": "H. Takahashi"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NEC Corp., Tokyo 183, Japan.",
        "name": "K. Ueno"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NEC Corp., Tokyo 183, Japan.",
        "name": "H. Inada"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NEC Corp., Tokyo 183, Japan.",
        "name": "M. Okada"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02143",
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    "docTitle": "A Video Filing System Using Magneto-Optical Disks",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Full-bandwidth video teleconferencing based upon a three-way Ku-band satellite communications link has played a significant role since 1986 in administrative interaction, patient diagnosis, medical image consultation, and education at the three facilities of the Mayo Foundation. This modality has limited applicability in extended medical settings due to the capital costs of the Ku-band earth station equipment and the operational requirements of the satcom environment. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of decreasing bandwidth requirements from 90 Mbits/sec to T-1 rates (1.5 Mbits/sec) using the most modern data compression algorithms and codecs. This article describes the testing criteria and results as they relate to our routine applications, including the most exacting task of medical diagnostic image consultation. Comparison results will demonstrate degradation of the image with the high compression rate codecs.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905.",
        "name": "M. A. Wondrow"
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        "affiliation": "Mayo Foundation.",
        "name": "P. J. Wegwerth"
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        "affiliation": "Mayo Foundation.",
        "name": "M. P. Mitchell"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Mayo Foundation.",
        "name": "B. K. Gilbert"
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    "docTitle": "A Study of Medical Image Data Compression",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Serial digital video systems tolerate transmission line distortions and noise up to a certain noise or distortion threshold. Above this threshold the bit-error rate increases very rapidly and the system fails. This article discusses how jitter can accumulate through distribution amplifiers (DAs) and switchers. It gives an overview of the serial digital video signal, identifies its failure modes, tells how it is processed, and suggests some test methods and equipment that might be used to determine if a system component is on the verge of failure.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Utah Scientific, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84116.",
        "name": "Ron Ward"
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    "docTitle": "Avoiding the Pitfalls in Serial Digital Signal Distribution",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Video compression and manipulation, audio digitization/signal processing, and fine-pitch manufacturing and component technologies have been combined to produce add-in peripheral cards that allow a personal computer user to collect, edit, manipulate, and output video and audio information. This article develops a model of what a full-motion video/audio peripheral card for a personal computer should be, and discusses some of the implementation design challenges. The functional elements and data paths for such a video peripheral are presented, together with a brief description of how the design challenges of the new product were met.",
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        "affiliation": "Data Translation, Inc., Marlboro, MA 01752.",
        "name": "Edwin J. Kroeker"
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    "docTitle": "Challenges in Full-Motion Video/Audio for Personal Computers",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Television broadcasting is a remarkable enterprise that has moved a long way from its beginnings in the pioneering work of the 1920s and 1930s, and that has today become the major informational and cultural influence in the world, without any doubt. In essence, it may be considered as a beneficial partnership of: • The makers of programs — the writers, artists, newsgatherers, and editors who pour out their creative talents to tell the story in pictures and sound • The broadcasters, or program providers, who assemble the stream of entertainment, commercials, news, sports etc., always trying to meet the needs of their target audience • The distributors, who deliver the programs to the home over the air, over cable, over satellite, or simply over the counter • The viewers, of varying tastes and cultures, with differing needs for entertainment, information, and enlightenment • The makers of receivers and other consumer devices and the manufacturers of studio and transmission equipment, many of them represented here at IBC",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Montreal, Que., Canada.",
        "name": "Kenneth P. Davies"
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    "docTitle": "Digital Television Broadcasting Dreams, Decisions, and Destinies",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "32–36",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
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        "name": "Joyce R. Hurwitz"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02148",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 102, Issue: 1, January 1993)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Holds Annual Elections",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02148",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "37–38",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Carol King"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1993"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02149",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 102, Issue: 1, January 1993)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Advanced Television and Electronic Imaging Conference: New York, N.Y., February 4 – 6, 1993",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "number": "1",
    "pages": "38–39",
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    "abstract": "This is the third in the series of “Pioneers of Television,” written for the SMPTE Journal. Philo T. Farnsworth was one of the most prolific inventors in television history, with over 75 important inventions in his name. Born in 1906 in Utah, he conceived an all-electric system of television while only 15 years of age. He typified the school of inventors that not only conceived the ideas but built and implemented them. By the time he was 21 he had secured financing and was operating a laboratory in San Francisco, from which came a host of important inventions. Farnsworth was the first inventor in the world to build and operate an all-electric television system, in July 1929. This included an electric camera tube, the image dissector; a vacuum-tube scanning, blanking, and sync generator; and a magnetically focused cathode ray tube. His image dissector camera tube was the first to pick up “live” images in broad daylight. He was the inventor of the method for generating anode high voltage from the scanning currents. His research in camera tubes led him to patent the first camera tube to use a low-velocity electron beam that scanned a target at cathode potential. This led to the Orthicon and Image Orthicon camera tubes that made postwar television possible. Farnsworth's imagination knew no limits, and without his inventions no modern-day television system could operate. Yet in spite of these considerable achievements, he is relatively unknown and has been overshadowed by other pioneers in television history.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The production videotape recorder (VTR) has, for some time, been expected to support many modes of operation other than normal play and record. These “off-speed” VTR modes include variable play, time compression, and still frame. To make this possible the output video signal must be passed through a video processing stage. Other uses for the output video processing electronics include the playback of noncolor frame edits and adjustment of chrominance gain and phase. While operating in these modes the television signal must be decoded to separate the chrominance and luminance, so that chrominance inversion and vertical interpolation can be applied to the signal to convert from an incoming field of one type to an outgoing field of a different type. This article describes the video playback processing used in a digital VTR where exceptional quality is required, and details are given of some improved methods of modifying the signal in a composite environment using 4fsc data sampling.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Letter-box-type enhanced-definition television (EDTV) is a solution to the problem of transmitting wide-aspect pictures in NTSC-signal format. An experimental decoder for that system has been developed, and luminance and chrominance (YC) separation, line interpolation, line conversion, and other signal processings are described in this article. To assist in line interpolation, line differences for low-luminance frequencies are sent to the decoder using scanning lines that are not used for the main picture. In the same period, horizontal details are also sent to expand the horizontal resolution of the reproduced picture. It was found that the two helper signals are effective for some picture scenes, and several problems related to these signals are also discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Mitsubishi Electric Co., Consumer Electronics Development Laboratory, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto, Japan",
        "name": "H. Ito"
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        "name": "T. Kurashita"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Mitsubishi Electric Co., Consumer Electronics Development Laboratory, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto, Japan",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Mitsubishi Electric Co., Consumer Electronics Development Laboratory, Nagaokakyo City, Kyoto, Japan",
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    "abstract": "In the high-definition (HD) production environment the use of 1125/60 and 1250/50 formats creates the need for conversion at the HD level, while down and upconversions to the established 525/60 and 625/50 broadcast systems are also required. In the particular case of stills used in graphics systems, their existing resident facilities can be employed to provide high-quality conversions automatically. In this way images may be passed between systems for use in the different HD and broadcast standards. In addition, graphic elements may be successfully sourced from any format to make a composite image. Such techniques have an obvious long-term application as well as helping users to negotiate the current HD standards “minefield.”",
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        "affiliation": "Quantel Ltd., Newbury, Berkshire, England RGI32 NE",
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        "name": "C. Bradley Hunt"
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    "abstract": "In the nonstandard speed play of a composite videotape recorder (VTR), the reproduced video is converted to a standard TV signal, since fields in the reproduced video are skipped or repeated. In the field-conversion processing, a Y/C separation circuit and a line-interpolation circuit are used. In a conventional processor, the picture quality is deteriorated due to vertical displacement of the image and lower resolution. To remove these deficiencies a motion-adaptive field-conversion circuit, which uses interfield signals, has been developed. Based on these techniques, three kinds of gate arrays were developed and employed in a D-2 VTR for NTSC signals. Consequently, these problems were solved and the picture quality was remarkably improved.",
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    "abstract": "There are two commonly used methods of previewing with edit controllers. The first method uses a dedicated preview switcher (usually provided as an option by the edit controller manufacturer) to switch between the record VTR (R-VTR) and the source material (usually the output of the switcher and audio mixer). The second method utilizes the electronics-to-electronics (E-E) switch in the R-VTR. There are advantages and disadvantages to each, as well as pitfalls to be avoided, whichever method is chosen. Many operators and engineers have strong preferences for one preview method over the other, often because of a single characteristic of the one preferred. This article will discuss the primary considerations involved in determining whether to configure a post-production facility with a preview switcher, or to use the E-E switching capability of the recording device(s). This information should assist those who are specifying the equipment configuration in a post-production facility in determining which preview method to choose, regardless of the edit controller used.",
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        "affiliation": "Grass Valley Group, Inc., Grass Valley, CA 95945",
        "name": "Jay Coley"
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        "affiliation": "Grass Valley Group, Inc., Grass Valley, CA 95945",
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    "abstract": "Various HDTV scanning parameter sets have been proposed. When these parameters are analyzed in the context of forming the basis of a suitable hierarchy of scalable resolutions and temporal rates, some significant patterns emerge. Certain fundamental issues in constructing a convenient hierarchy include progressive scanning, square pixels (or simple squeezes), and a simple fractional relationship between members of the hierarchy, both temporally and in resolution.",
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    "abstract": "This article gives a conceptual progress report on the development of the Cosharp Printer, proposed to the Technology Foundation of the Motion Picture/Television Industry by Richard Edlund of Boss Film. The name is an acronym descriptive of the product: Continuous Optical Slit Highspeed Anamorphic Reduction Printer. It is universally accepted that 65mm original photography produces an image about three times the resolution of the same one originated in a 35mm print. However, for practical reasons it is necessary to make 35mm reduction prints for post-production purposes. The cost of this step is prohibitive; the quality of the resulting prints and the time taken to produce them mitigate against the process. This printer offers technical and economic resolution of these problems.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "contentType": "news",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02236",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Standard for Motion-Picture Film (35–mm) — Perforated BH",
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02237",
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    "docTitle": "SMPTE Recommended Practice Supervisory Protocol for Digtal Control Interface",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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      "year": "1992"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The establishment of a new standard for HDTV is an opportunity to create a technologically advanced standard that will serve current and future applications of video well into the next century. This article describes a digital approach that provides efficiency and flexibility through a hierarchical approach to data compression. The digital hierarchy concept is a novel approach to transcoding digital video among several data rates. Also described are some of the industry requirements that the authors believe will be important in the era of HDTV, and the ability of a digital hierarchy to satisfy them is evaluated.",
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        "affiliation": "David Sarnoff Research Center, Princeton, NJ 08543",
        "name": "G. Reitmeier"
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      {
        "affiliation": "David Sarnoff Research Center, Princeton, NJ 08543",
        "name": "C. Carlson"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Thomson Consumer Electronics, Villingen, Germany.",
        "name": "E. Geiger"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Thomson Consumer Electronics, Villingen, Germany.",
        "name": "D. Westerkamp"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02239",
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    "docTitle": "The Digital Hierarchy — A Blueprint for Television in the 21st Century",
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    "number": "7",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "A registration error detection system applicable to a real-time registration correction system is proposed. The system detects registration errors by using live pictures. Conventional block-by-block pattern matching and a new technique that finds and rejects false detection errors are used. False errors are completely rejected based on picture characteristics, including the spatial-frequency component, chrominance component, pattern-matching value, and detecting-error value difference among blocks. The proposed system is examined with a computer-picture simulation system. It is confirmed that the system detects accurate (less equal 1 pixel/line) registration errors and rejects false detection errors completely. When the system is implemented into a digital large-scale integrated circuit (LSI), estimated detection time is about 200 msec. The system enables a real-time, fully automatic registration correction system.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan",
        "name": "Itaru Mimura"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Research and Development Laboratory, Hitachi Denshi, Ltd., Tokyo 185, Japan.",
        "name": "Naoto Tomura"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Research and Development Laboratory, Hitachi Denshi, Ltd., Tokyo 185, Japan.",
        "name": "Nobuo Murata"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
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      "year": "1992"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02240",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 101, Issue: 7, July 1992)",
    "docTitle": "New Registration Error Detecting System for Three-Tube HDTV Cameras",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "7",
    "pages": "471–474",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "To achieve a more compact and longer-playing videocassette recorder (VCR), the number and the size of its recording bits must become smaller. The authors have achieved a data rate of 28 Mbits/sec for a component-coded video that normally requires approximately 200 Mbits/sec, maintaining high picture quality with less noticeable degradation by using a new discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based bit-rate reduction method. The authors have developed a data format based on the triple Reed-Solomon product code and a new 8/14 modulation scheme to make the recording density higher. An experiment showing the feasibility of the authors' new system concept is discussed in this article.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "R&D Center, Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki 210, Japan;",
        "name": "N. Endoh"
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      {
        "affiliation": "R&D Center, Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki 210, Japan;",
        "name": "S. Kizu"
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      {
        "affiliation": "R&D Center, Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki 210, Japan;",
        "name": "T. Odaka"
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      {
        "affiliation": "R&D Center, Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki 210, Japan;",
        "name": "K. Ogi"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Engineering Lab, Toshiba Corp., Yokohama 235, Japan.",
        "name": "K. Shimoda"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Consumer Products Engineering Lab, Toshiba Corp., Yokohama 235, Japan.",
        "name": "M. Tamura"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02241",
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    "docTitle": "Experimental Digital VCR with New DCT-Based Bit-Rate Reduction and Channel Coding",
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    "number": "7",
    "pages": "475–480",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "One approach to achieving rapid and easy manipulation of color temperature has been investigated, the Liquid Dynamic Color Filter (LDCF). A thin layer of liquid — a pure iodine and ethyl alcohol solution — is continuously circulated, allowing the concentration of the solution to be changed and introduced to the filter layer. A spectrometer and color temperature meter are used to investigate the effect of the solution's concentration on a typical HMI lamp's color temperature. It was found that the color temperature of the filtered HMI lamp was a well-behaved, smooth function of the concentration. Color temperatures in the 5600° K to 3000° K range have been obtained. Spectrometer tests show that the iodine and ethyl alcohol solution does not introduce spectral discontinuities. However, the solution has shortcomings as an LDCF filtering solution. This is evident when the color correction and light balance ratios are investigated. Future work on improvements to the filter solution is planned.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Entertainment Technology Program at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1191.",
        "name": "A. Ketsdever"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Entertainment Technology Program at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1191.",
        "name": "W. Omens"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Entertainment Technology Program at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1191.",
        "name": "E. P. Muntz"
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      "year": "1992"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02242",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 101, Issue: 7, July 1992)",
    "docTitle": "Continuously Variable, Remote Color Temperature Adjustments for Metal-Halide Lamps in Cinematographic Applications",
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    "abstract": "For over 12 years, SMPTE and EBU committees have been working in cooperation on machine-control standards for television equipment. This work has resulted in the highly successful ESbus hardware specification, ANSI/SMPTE 207M, which has been accepted worldwide, resulting in a number of devices with 9-pin connectors and RS-422 control. The time has come for a higher performance level in a hierarchy of control systems. The Ad Hoc Group on ESnet has been looking at various candidate networks, and has made recommendations for a communications network and control protocol to its parent committee. The issues involved in selecting a network are discussed in this article.",
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        "affiliation": "BTS, Broadcast Television Systems, Salt Lake City, UT 84130.",
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        "affiliation": "The Caption Center/WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA 02134.",
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        "affiliation": "The Caption Center/WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA 02134.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Over the next two or three years, engineers will continue to debate the future of U.S. TV standards, deciding whether it will be analog or digital, simulcast or NTSC compatible, how to transmit it to the home, and with which quality. While these debates take place, NTSC production will continue. NTSC studios will be built, and it can be predicted with a high degree of confidence that the major part of future production facilities will be digital. In fact digital studios are being constructed now; their proliferation is limited mainly by the lack of standardization and systems hardware.",
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        "affiliation": "Matsushita Applied Research Laboratory, Burlington, NJ 08016.",
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    "abstract": "A liquid crystal device (LCD) projector has been developed that yields bright, high-resolution color television pictures on screens as large as 120 in., diagonally measured. It possesses a compact, single-lens optical system in which color registration, or convergence, is permanently established and set during manufacturing. The user may therefore relocate the projector and change the projected image size at will, and without the necessity to perform color convergence adjustments afterward. Anamorphic lenses have been developed that permit this to project “wide-screen” pictures with an aspect ratio of 16:9, in addition to normal lenses that yield a standard television picture of 4:3 aspect ratio. Anamorphic lenses have been developed as well for television cameras so that the widescreen pictures can be acquired by conventional NTSC color cameras and recorded with standard NTSC-format videocassette recorders.",
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    "abstract": "This article presents the basic ideas behind transform and subband representations of a signal. Although transform and subband representations appear to be different, in fact, they are equivalent. This theoretical relationship gives useful insights into the design of video processing and compression systems. An application of this result to the design of an adaptive amplitude modulation/demodulation (AM/DM) system for noise reduction of images is described. Also discussed is the AM noise-reduction technique for additive noise, and a method is presented to reduce the AM side information by exploiting the transform representation of an image.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "An extremely low-cost, all-digital real-time audio mixing, sweetening, and effects system designed for use directly in any on-line video editing suite is described in this article. The device conforms to the standard AES/EBU 48-kHz digital audio channels found on all D-1 and/or D-2 videotape recorders. It incorporates a realtime digital audio mixer with 16 channels of digital input and 4 digital outputs that features full dynamic memory and automation, in addition to a sophisticated digital audio workstation with over one hour of hard-disk storage of audio signals. The DREAM™ system was designed to provide more audio capability for the video post-production suite.",
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    "pages": "407–410",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "This report of the SMPTE Task Force on Headers/Descriptors is an approved document of the SMPTE Standards Committee and is made available for information, as it contains valuable proposals concerning the development of digital imaging and video systems and for standardization of certain of their aspects that will be of interest generally. The standardization aspects of the report will be further considered under the normal processes of the SMPTE for the creation and approval of engineering documents, which includes the opportunity for further comment and for public review prior to their final acceptance. Persons wishing to actively participate in the development of these standards, including attendance at Working Group meetings and ballot response, may contact the Engineering Dept. of the SMPTE. It should be noted that engineering documents arising from the contents of this report may differ significantly from its recommendations, and caution is suggested in the use of this report as the basis of design or implementation.",
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    "abstract": "When faced with the technical planning of a digital television facility, signal monitoring is a topic that appears at first to be of low priority. This was the case at NBC while structuring the initial plans of operation in a digital plant. First assumptions were to use waveform, vector, and picture monitors similar to those used today. Perhaps a minor modification would be required to convert the serial digital data stream to an analog waveform. The analog waveform can then be displayed on the same types of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) that are presently used. After further research it was discovered that additional circuitry would incur an alarming amount of extra costs. Further analysis cast more doubts when the monitoring philosophy was considered. What is the point of monitoring analog waveforms that had previously been digitized? In summary, we had a scenario where the analog test signal had little or no value in the digital domain and could give misleading results if interpreted in the analog domain.",
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    "abstract": "This article describes the studies done on the chemical stability of photographic film by incubation of a dozen different materials at five temperatures and four relative humidities (RH). Property changes were followed using Arrhenius plots. Predictions of useful life at room temperature storage were very dependent upon the property measured with base acidity being the most sensitive indicator. At 50% RH, the gelatin layer had greater stability than that of the base. There was no consistent difference between the stability of the uncoated base and emulsion-coated base.",
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    "abstract": "An analysis is given of the incubation studies described in the preceding paper (Part I), which featured over 15,000 measurements. The projected life expectancy at room temperature of different safety cellulose ester base films was quite similar. A nitrate base film also had a projected life similar to that of several cellulose triacetate base films. Film life was dramatically increased when the relative humidity (RH) was lowered below 50%. The improvement in stability offered by lower storage temperature was similar for different materials. The beneficial effects of low humidity and low temperature were additive.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623.",
        "name": "P. Z. Adelstein"
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        "name": "J. M. Reilly"
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        "name": "D. W. Nishimura"
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        "name": "C. J. Erbland"
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    "docTitle": "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part II — Practical Storage Considerations",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Nineteen ninety-one saw broadcasters and equipment manufacturers making cautious advances to improve their television systems and products. Some additional attention to high technical quality was noted, current television formats further matured, and offerings were made in digital technology, new recording media, and some EDTV and HDTV. There was a clear indication of a trend towards multipurpose devices that would not only satisfy today's market, but would also provide an investment for the future.",
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    "abstract": "Samuelsons Group introduced for hire and sale the latest range of Panaflex and Arriflex camera equipment including the Arri 635.",
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    "abstract": "The nonlinear characteristic of the display and the well-known gamma of the video camera produce a near linear-system transfer characteristic, sharply limited at the upper end due to the requirements of subsequent processing. This system cannot deal with a large dynamic range, however. The need for a film look, in the video camera's picture rendition stems from the inception of film production with television cameras. To obtain this film look, a suitable transfer characteristic of the video camera is essential. With the development of modern CCD cameras and their increased dynamic range, it is possible to attain a film look in the television picture. The adaptive variable knee proposal discussed in this article is the result of an extensive study on how to make the best use of the increased dynamic range of current CCD sensors.",
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    "abstract": "Digital video effects have long been used in compositing video images. However, limitations in tracking motion recorded on an element can be a handicap to creativity. The Import feature on Kaleidoscope™ provides a path to directly track motion created on another device. To use this feature effectively, an understanding of the way Kaleidoscope positioning parameters relate to real-world parameters is required. This analysis shows how a program might be created that converts parameters such as camera pan/tilt angles or changes in object position into Kaleidoscope parameters. Such a program would allow Kaleidoscope transformations to automatically track motion recorded on an external device.",
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    "abstract": "It is with pride and pleasure that I accepted the honor of addressing this 75th Anniversary Conference of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Our Society holds an esteemed position among scientific and technical disciplines in that it has encouraged participation and influence from management and practitioners as well as from scientists and engineers.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "In April 1990 a fully integrated HDTV mobile teleproduction unit was placed in operation for the advancement of HDTV production in Canada. The design process and operating practices implemented for the realization of this facility are described, and critical viewing angle, size of monitors, editing, conversion to other production standards, and the practical application of SMPTE 240M is discussed in the context of an operating environment. This article should be of interest to members contemplating design and construction of an HDTV production studio in the near future.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Telesat Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.",
        "name": "André E. Bigras"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Telesat Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.",
        "name": "Michèle Beck"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1992"
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 101, Issue: 2, February 1992)",
    "docTitle": "HDTV Mobile Teleproduction Unit",
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    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "2",
    "pages": "83–89",
    "publicationDate": "1992-02-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "This article describes some of the considerations and techniques of one firm (Century III) in the design and installation of a PAL-format transfer, edit, and graphics suite for PAL post-production of several television series. Century III is posting these series simultaneously in NTSC and PAL, so this article explores not only the technical challenge of operating a PAL “island” within an otherwise NTSC facility, but also the creative challenge of mimicking certain components of the shows, such as special effects, in both formats. The design criteria, installation, and operation of the PAL facility are described.",
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        "affiliation": "Century III, Orlando, FL 32819.",
        "name": "Oliver Peters"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "A bandwidth expansion method that is compatible with NTSC receivers is described. This method expands the transmissible bandwidth of the Q signal (the narrowband chrominance signal of the NTSC system) to 1.5 MHz by field-sequential transmission of high-frequency components of the I and Q signals. The compatibility of this method with NTSC receivers is satisfactory, and the method improves picture quality in some pictures by improving the color sharpness. Picture quality is further improved by compensating for the degraded frequency characteristics on vestigial sideband (VSB) transmission of the NTSC chrominance signals.",
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        "affiliation": "NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Taiichiro Kurita"
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        "name": "Ichiro Yuyama"
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      {
        "affiliation": "NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "Taiji Nishizawa"
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    "abstract": "This article will introduce the concept of open-architecture television, in which a digital representation of moving images is specifically designed to facilitate interconnection. The fundamental concept behind the open-architecture approach is that the next generation of television systems should add degrees of freedom in addition to lines of resolution. Rather than defining a single television standard with a fixed bandwidth, number of lines/frame and frames/sec, we propose a system in which production, distribution, storage, and viewing of moving images can each freely employ a variety of standards optimized for specific situations. Scanning parameters of the various segments in the system are effectively decoupled– one from another – through the medium of a digital interconnection standard. This scalable, flexible, and extensible video format will accommodate a variety of production frame rates and resolutions, support a broad range of display quality for differing applications, and incrementally upgrade (rather than become obsolete) when higher-resolution cameras and displays become available. We will explain that a particular hierarchical representation for video (that of 3-D subband coding) possesses these desirable properties and offers a common technological basis for digital television channels spanning several orders of magnitude in bandwidth. We will outline the technical and psychovisual considerations involved in developing an open-architecture television system and describe our experiments in signal processing and hardware design toward this goal.",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Photographic optical sound recording has been used for composite sound tracks on cinema prints since the introduction of sound on motion-picture film. It has evolved through variable-area to variable-density modulation, using various forms of modulators, and back to variable-area, in worldwide use today. The majority of modulators currently in use are light valves and galvanometers, both types capable of stereophonic variable-area recording. Various other modulator schemes have been tried, but few were ever commercially put into service. Today a successful new optical recorder has been developed, using a laser beam that is capable of exposing a sharper image with a more even field and an extended frequency response. This article describes this new technology, which can be used for recording standard stereo variable-area sound tracks, making optical test films, and future recording of digital audio sound negatives.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Nacwestrex, Inc., Burbank, CA 91506.",
        "name": "Michael Strong"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Nacwestrex, Inc., Burbank, CA 91506.",
        "name": "Jack Leahy"
      }
    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1992"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02357",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 101, Issue: 1, January 1992)",
    "docTitle": "Applications of Laser Technology to Photographic Optical Sound Recording",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02357",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02357",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "1",
    "pages": "14–18",
    "publicationDate": "1992-01-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "contentType": "list-staff",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "number": "12",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "contentType": "info-society",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02376",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Highlights",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "839–839",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "By its nature, digital video equipment has greater potential than analog equipment for “minor” failures that result in signal distortions that are visually obnoxious. Analog equipment is more likely to fail gracefully and subtly when it malfunctions. On the other hand, digital equipment has a potential for self-testing, verification, monitoring, and remote diagnosis that is not possible with analog equipment. A proposal for exploiting this potential for error detection, self-diagnosis, and complete system monitoring in digital equipment is described. The proposal includes generating cyclic redundancy check (CRC) words that are inserted into the digital video signal and used for error detection. Additional error information is also inserted into the signal, which allows appropriate monitoring equipment to detect the occurrence of any bit errors and to identify and isolate failing video equipment.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR 97077.",
        "name": "Bob Elkind"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR 97077.",
        "name": "David Fibush"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02377",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Proposal for Error Detection and Handling in Digital Studio Equipment",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02377",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "940–945",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The average size of distribution switchers in television facilities is growing larger each year. In 1953, Charles Clos published a landmark technical paper concerning nonblocking multistage switching techniques, explaining how to reduce the number of crosspoints when compared to a standard switcher. Since that time, multistage switching systems have been proposed and used by several companies in the television industry. This article discusses the basic principles of multistage switching and the problem of blocking in television systems. It explains the causes of blockage, shows statistical results demonstrating the amount that may occur, and discusses ways to deal with these issues.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "BTS, Broadcast Television Systems, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84119.",
        "name": "Marc S. Walker"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02378",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Multistage Distribution Switching Systems: Clos and Beyond",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "946–954",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "As the television industry shifts to fully digital systems, many new challenges, dilemmas, and possibilities will emerge. Several interesting issues have already been identified in the engineering laboratories of The Grass Valley Group. These considerations include integrating hybrid analog and digital systems, timing digital systems, and dealing with digital audio. This article will discuss these issues and their effects.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Grass Valley Group, Inc., Grass Valley, CA 95945.",
        "name": "Michael M. Guess"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02379",
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    "docTitle": "Design Considerations for Digital Television Studios: The Transition Phase",
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    "number": "12",
    "pages": "955–960",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The technique of direct digital synthesis (DDS) is now available to the commercial marketplace. The DDS technique has several inherent features that render it of particular interest to HDTV transmission systems. Among these features are the following: numeric AM, FM, and/or PM with outstanding linearity; excellent spectral purity; digitally controlled predistortion; single-sideband generation by digital phasing; vestigial sideband generation by digital phasing; easy NTSC-to-HDTV conversion (software); and compatibility with any HDTV format (software). Once the HDTV signal has been digitized, it is fed to a circuit consisting of three integrated circuits (ICs). The output of the digital-to-analog (D/A) converter is the desired radio frequency (RF) waveform between 10 and 20 MHz. This RF signal is then upconverted to the desired TV channel through standard heterodyning techniques.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Robert J. Zavrel"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02380",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "HDTV and NTSC Transmission Using Direct Digital Synthesis",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02380",
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    "issn": {
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    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "961–962",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "An imaging system has been built that provides a method for creating and combining images on motion-picture film without resorting to the use of either film-based mattes or video compositing techniques. The LaserMatte system produces a very high resolution image on a tungsten-illuminated laser-addressed liquid crystal light valve. The image on the light valve acts as an articulate printing light, which selectively exposes the film frame. Consequently, the problems associated with producing and realigning color-separation-based film mattes are circumvented. Because the system is capable of creating mattes, it also avoids the disadvantages inherent in video- and computer-based electronic imaging systems that must convert all image information to a video signal.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Panatrope, Inc., Highland Park, IL 60035.",
        "name": "Craig Witty"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02381",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Creating Filmless Motion-Picture Mattes on the LaserMatte System",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02381",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02381",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "963–969",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "A brief discussion of whether color in the motion picture is here to stay, pointing out that black-and-white was a convention that had to be accepted because of technical limitations at the beginning of the art. Had color pictures been invented first, a black-and-white picture would now seem flat and inadequate — although there are beauties in the unreal shadows that cannot be denied nor be destroyed. The paper concludes with a few remarks upon the use of color for enhancing and emphasizing the emotional situations of a picture, and the effects to be achieved by carefully selecting the colors of the clothing or uniforms of the actors and of the backgrounds and lighting.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Rouben Mamoulian"
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    ],
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02382",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Some Problems in Directing Color Pictures",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "970–972",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Ed Howell"
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    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02383",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Rochester, Montreal/Quebec, Ottawa, and Toronto Sections Mini-Conference",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02383",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "972–973",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Richard K. Schafer"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02384",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Excerpts from “SMPTE — A Vision for the Future”",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J02384",
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "973–974",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Joyce R. Hurwitz"
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    ],
    "contentType": "info-society",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J02385",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "SMPTE Holds Annual Elections",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02385",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02385",
    "issn": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "12",
    "pages": "975–975",
    "publicationDate": "1991-12-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02386",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 12, December 1991)",
    "docTitle": "National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Presents Engineering Emmys",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J02386",
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    "number": "12",
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    "abstract": "A real-time video signal-processing system (the Picot system) has been developed that is composed of several hundred processors. It can handle a number of color time-varying images and includes such image-processing functions as edge detection, geometrical transformation, and video synthesis at video rate. Two large-scale integrations (LSIs) made with CMOS gate-array technology were also developed to make the system compact. A practical system that can be used as a video switcher is already in use in the video production center of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), and its effectiveness has been confirmed. Because of the flexibility of this system, many new video effects are being created by engineers in the production center.",
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        "affiliation": "Video & Electronic Systems Lab, Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR 97077.",
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    "abstract": "The SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production (WG-HDEP) developed the basis of an HDTV production standard from 1984 to 1987. In September 1988, the SMPTE formally standardized the 1125/60 HDTV studio origination format, now well known as the SMPTE 240M standard. Since that time the work of the WG-HDEP has continued unabated. Prominent among the group's activities have been rigorous development of the digital representation of SMPTE 240M and a broad examination of image transfer of an HDTV production standard to 35mm film (and vice versa). In the digital work the issue of signal dynamic range emerged early as a major topic of study. The desire to better reconcile HDTV image capture with that of film (particularly if intercutting is under consideration), coupled with more efficient use of digital encoding, called for a closer look at the total transfer characteristic of the HDTV camera and how it should be preserved throughout the total system. This article is intended to describe, in tutorial form, some of the new thinking that is emerging on HDTV video dynamic range and how it relates to the perhaps better-known contrast handling capability of motion-picture film negative.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "This article is a summary of the activities of the SMPTE Ad Hoc Group on HDTV Production Colorimetry, which the author has been chairman of since its formation in 1985. The colorimetry of an HDTV production system presents different problems than do current TV systems. HDTV must be planned to accommodate a wide range of displays, some not yet invented. It must also serve as a source signal for motion-picture film and be transformable to other television systems. The key concerns are to define the source HDTV signal completely, independent from a specific display and with a color gamut large enough to accommodate future display technologies. The signal processing also should be designed to preserve the maximum amount of information for post-production signal processing. The committee's approach to addressing these requirements is described.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The preliminary decision by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to require simulcasting of HDTV in 6-MHz channels and to give an extra channel to each licensee who desires it for this purpose sets several important challenges for the system designer. Unprecedented advances in data compression and channel coding are required. In particular, effective suppression of analog channel impairments and very high spectrum efficiency are mandatory. The means by which this may be accomplished while incorporating a number of other desirable features in a TV system that is to last for several decades is discussed in this article. The opinions herein are those of the author only.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139.",
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    "docTitle": "Considerations in the Design of HDTV Systems for Terrestrial Broadcasting",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Subjective tests were performed on the Philips high-definition system for North America (HDS-NA) signal using a hardware simulator of a complete Ku-band satellite transmission system incorporating the Region 2 direct broadcast satellite (DBS) channel spacing of 14.58 MHz. When NTSC interfered with HDS-NA and HDS-NA interfered with NTSC, interference protection ratios were measured and compared with the Regional Administrative Radio Conference (RARC) '83 protection ratios for NTSC in this environment. Measurements of basic received quality and the effects of noise on the HDS-NA signal were also performed. The methodology of the FCC Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Systems, described here, was employed for the subjective testing. The tests indicate that the RARC '83 protection ratios are adequate for HDS-NA in this environment and that good picture quality is attained with a minimum carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 16.2 dB.",
    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.",
        "name": "Carlo Basile"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.",
        "name": "Robert McFarlane"
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      {
        "affiliation": "Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.",
        "name": "Claudio Ciacci"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02450",
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    "docTitle": "Subjective Testing of the HDS-NA Satellite Signal in the Ku Band",
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    "pages": "678–690",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The use of graphics in TV has increased and broadened enormously in recent years. Techniques such as rotoscoping and retouching place special demands on video frame handling, while the need to present graphics as moving elements, or dynamic graphics, calls for yet more facilities. These can be provided, at some cost, in a digital edit suite, complete with graphics and digital effects equipment and with the appropriate set of operators. This article examines an alternative approach where, by the addition of a video RAM store to a fast graphics system, a much more hardware-efficient scheme, operated by only one person, can be realized.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Robert A. Pank is with Quantel Ltd., Newbury, England.",
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    "docTitle": "A Unified Approach for a TV Graphics Animation Suite",
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    "number": "9",
    "pages": "691–694",
    "publicationDate": "1991-09-01",
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The strength of the film medium in the entertainment industry is constantly discussed as high-definition television systems gain prominence. It can be argued that film shows benefits both technically and economically for certain types of production, but in graphics and special effects the technique used lacks the technological assistance available to the television industry. Developments such as integrated digital post-production systems for television are clearly desirable for the film industry, but matching the perceived quality goals without sacrificing operational techniques poses certain challenges. As standardization proceeds for digital images, care must be taken to ensure that many levels of image resolution can be accommodated to offer operational flexibility.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Quantel, Ltd., Newbury, Berkshire, England.",
        "name": "Peter Owen"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02452",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 9, September 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Television Graphics for Film — Dream or Reality?",
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    "number": "9",
    "pages": "694–695",
    "publicationDate": "1991-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The availability of multiple high-quality audio tracks on the current generation of professional video recorders, and the ability to distribute video programs with stereo audio, through broadcast, cable, and home VCRs, is changing our perception of the importance of audio in video productions. This article examines the development of a microprocessor-controlled audio mixing system for use in video post-production. The audio mixer can be controlled by a video editing system or follow the operation of a video switcher using a variety of serial interface protocols. System integration in large facilities is achieved through control of an audio switching matrix for the routing of audio sources to the mixer.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Professional Products & Promotions, Gainesville, FL 32605.",
        "name": "Craig J. Birkmaier"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02453",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 9, September 1991)",
    "docTitle": "A Computer-Controlled Audio Mixing System for Video Post-Production",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "9",
    "pages": "696–701",
    "publicationDate": "1991-09-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "country": "USA"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Lee de Forest"
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "year": "1991"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J02454",
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 9, September 1991)",
    "docTitle": "Pioneering in Talking Pictures: SMPTE Classic Reprint, Originally Published January 1941",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02454",
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    "number": "9",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) held a joint Digital Systems Information Exchange in Washington, D.C., March 12–13, 1991. The purpose of the exchange was to bring together those parties in the computer and motion-picture and television industries who are actively engaged in HDTV and HRS (high-resolution systems) related activities. Michael J. Sherlock, president of NBC Operations and Technical Services, was invited to give the opening keynote address. Sherlock's address charged those in attendance with coming together and finding a common ground. The text of his address follows.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "NBC Operations and Technical Services, New York, N.Y.",
        "name": "Michael J. Sherlock"
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    },
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    "docTitle": "Point of View: Coming Together",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02478",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02478",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "630–632",
    "publicationDate": "1991-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
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    },
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  {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Optical videodiscs offer many benefits for editing applications. Their interactive capability provides nearly instant access to 30-minute segments of video with two channels of audio. Videodisc players deliver frame-accurate freeze-frame, slow motion, and reverse motion and are cost-effective and reliable. In addition, recent advances in both DRAW disc development and edit system hardware have made the utilization of videodiscs for editing purposes more practical than ever before. This article describes two approaches currently in use.",
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "CMX Corp., Portola Valley, CA 94028",
        "name": "Stanley D. Becker"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Spectra Image, Inc., Burbank, CA 91505.",
        "name": "Larry S. Spangler"
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    "docTitle": "Engineering Committee Report: Approaches to Videodisc-Based Editing",
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "doi": "10.5594/J02479",
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J02479",
    "issn": {
      "print": "0036-1682"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Journal",
    "number": "8",
    "pages": "633–636",
    "publicationDate": "1991-08-01",
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
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      "country": "USA"
    },
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    "authors": [
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        "affiliation": "Image Transform, Inc., No. Hollywood, CA 91602.",
        "name": "Gavin Schutz"
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      "year": "1991"
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    "docTitle": "Engineering Committee Report: Report from the Ad Hoc Group on Video-to-Film Transfer Characteristics",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J02480",
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        "name": "Carol King"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "The production of motion-picture special effects can be a costly and time-consuming step in the production of motion-picture films. Although several electronic video systems have been proposed and demonstrated for use in special-effects generation, these lower-resolution video systems, including HDTV, do not operate transparently between film input and film output. They introduce a number of disturbing image artifacts to the final film element. This article defines the system requirements for a high-resolution digital image manipulation system that can be used to produce high-quality motion-picture special effects.",
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "G. Kennel"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
        "name": "L. DeMarsh"
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650.",
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    "abstract": "A system has been developed that offers real-time input video mapping to internally create 3-D objects of revolution. These objects may be purely curvilinear or possess multiple individually crafted local deformations. Full-motion video may then be mapped to the object in real time (real time is defined as video rate, 30 frames/sec). This article describes the system and the technology that makes it possible.",
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        "affiliation": "Sony Corp. of America, Montvale, NJ 07645.",
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        "affiliation": "Sony Corp. of America, Montvale, NJ 07645.",
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        "affiliation": "Sony Corp. of America, Montvale, NJ 07645.",
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    "abstract": "In frame-transfer (FT) sensors, the imaging area basically utilizes all incoming light. In state-of-the-art charge-coupled-device (CCD) sensors, this light is partly reflected and absorbed by the CCD gate electrodes. The basic FT sensor principle, however, does not preclude 100% light usage. The accordion mechanism, which reduces the absorbing gate electrode area, is a step toward this 100% goal. This improvement can be used to increase sensitivity or to enlarge the pixel number or a combination of these. The accordion versus the classic FT principle is explained, with emphasis on how this mechanism can benefit sensor characteristics. Finally, the design of the second-generation NXA 1100 (FT5) sensor, well suited to studio camera applications, is discussed.",
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    "docTitle": "The Accordion Charge-Transfer Mechanism: A New Development of the Frame-Transfer CCD Image Sensor",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Some considerations in designing and building a baseband recording system for an industrial-application Hi-Vision cassette VTR are discussed. First the size of videocassette was determined by parameters of picture and sound quality, recording time, and packing density attainable by the use of the latest magnetic recording technologies. Then the compact mechanics and electronics suitable for this ½-in. cassette were introduced, while maintaining the Hi- Vision picture quality with four-channel pulse-code modulation (PCM) sound. Flexible designs are becoming possible with digital signal processing by using large-capacity integrated circuit (IC) memories even in an analog (FM) VTR. Finally the feasibility of the VTR system was confirmed by manufacturing a trial model. The volume, weight, and power consumption were considerably less than those of the conventional machine with a 1-in. open reel.",
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        "name": "K. Yokoyama"
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        "name": "T. Kido"
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "M. Matsumoto"
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        "affiliation": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corp.), Tokyo, Japan.",
        "name": "I. Obata"
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "Designing a digital video production switcher by simply copying the analog building blocks, adder for adder, multiplier for multiplier, can have inferior results. Digital technology offers opportunities for improvements that were not possible with analog circuitry. This article focuses on keyers and first explains how a keyer works in an analog switcher. It then shows how this implementation can result in jagged key edges in a digital keyer and presents a solution that can eliminate this problem. Self-keyers are discussed and a digital keyer that eliminates key fringing is presented.",
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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE J",
    "abstract": "An account of some of the highlights in the history of the development of the business of Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation primarily from the point of view of its contact with motion picture producers, distributors, and exhibitors; incidental to which is an account of the development and growth of the various Technicolor processes from a semi-technical point of view but with special reference to practical application in the motion picture industry.",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 100, Issue: 3, March 1991)",
    "docTitle": "The 133rd SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit: October 26–29, 1991, Los Angeles",
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "To get more out of user bits it is necessary to put more in. Traditionally the user-bit area of time code is a wasted resource. This article introduces the concept of a flexible directory-based multiplexing system for storing a variety of data in the user bits. The concept has been submitted to the Working Group on Time and Control Codes (V16.25) as a proposed SMPTE Standard with companion Recommended Practices. This system covers a hierarchy of applications using a common structure to allow many diverse applications to coexist with minimal conflict while sharing a common language of communications. Several applications, such as multicassette machine control, multiple time code operation, and storage of original production data, are discussed.",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Skotel Corp., Brossard, Canada.",
        "name": "Stephen Scott"
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    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abstract": "In 1986 the SMPTE published a Recommended Practice (RP 133) specifying a test pattern for medical imaging applications, which has enjoyed wide acceptance in the medical imaging community. Use of the test pattern for acceptance testing, video monitor and image recording device setup, and quality control is described, and examples of problems detected with it are presented. The use of this test pattern for laser camera (printer) applications is also discussed.",
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        "affiliation": "Dept. of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905",
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        "affiliation": "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY 14650",
        "name": "K. G. Lisk"
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        "affiliation": "3M Corp, St. Paul, MN 55144",
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        "affiliation": "VII, Inc., Xenia, OH 45385",
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      {
        "affiliation": "Fuji Medical Systems, Stamford, CT 06907.",
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    "abstract": "The HFC 300D Digital Color Film Analyzer is described. It features the stability of digital controls, coupled with the advantages of an analog video signal, to provide accurate, expanded resolution image with enhanced signal-to-noise capabilities while maintaining a “filmlike” look and the capability for viewing film in motion. Both the standard-size unit and the new compact version are discussed, using the new two-board digitally controlled video-processing section, built-in digital framestore, one-hand color and density controls, auto calibration, auto analysis, and auto preview.",
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        "affiliation": "Hollywood Film Co., Los Angeles, CA 90023.",
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        "affiliation": "Hollywood Film Co., Los Angeles, CA 90023.",
        "name": "Al Arbeeny"
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        "affiliation": "Hollywood Film Co., Los Angeles, CA 90023.",
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    "docTitle": "Technical Note: The 300D Digital Video Color Film Analyzer: A Logical Use of the Best of Today's Technologies",
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    "docTitle": "Inaugural Address, SMPTE Soviet Union Section Moscow, USSR",
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