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SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 122, Issue: 2, March 2013)
[ACTIVE]

High Frame Rates and Human Vision: A View through the Window of Visibility

Metadata

Publisher
SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type
Journal Article
Content Type
Original Research
Abbreviated Title
SMPTE Mot. Imag. J
Volume
122, No. 2, pp. 18–32
Abstract
There is new interest in higher frame rates for digital cinema. The frame rate and subsequent processing have a large impact on the presence of artifacts in the final presentation. The structure of these artifacts is revealed by transforming the sequence of frames into the spatiotemporal frequency domain. The visibility of these artifacts can be determined through application of a tool called the window of visibility. This is a simplified representation of human visual sensitivity to spatial and temporal frequencies. This paper describes the capture and display of movies in signal processing terms. It shows how the several steps in the process can by represented in space and time and in spatial and temporal frequency. It then introduces the window of visibility as a simplified version of the human visual contrast sensitivity function. It shows how the tool can be used to compute the lowest artifact-free frame rate under simplified circumstances. It also shows how it can be used to visualize the impact of various steps in processing the image sequence. Finally, the paper describes the influence of luminance, eccentricity, color, and eye movements on the size and shape of the window of visibility. In conclusion, the tool provides a useful aid to understanding the role of human visual sensitivity in the selection of frame rates and frame processing. The paper also provides an interactive demonstration that allows exploration of the trade-offs in movie capture and display.
Publication Date
2013-03-01
DOI
10.5594/j18266XY
ISSN
Print: 1545-0279
Link
https://doi.org/10.5594/j18266XY
Author(s)
Andrew B. Watson
bio
Andrew B. Watson is the senior scientist for vision research at NASA Ames Research Center in California. He is the author of more than 100 papers and 6 patents on topics in vision science and imaging technology. In 2001, he founded the Journal of Vision (http://journalofvision.org) where he serves as editor-in-chief. Watson is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and of the Society for Information Display. He is vice chair for vision science and human factors of the International Committee on Display Measurement. In 2007, he received the Otto Schade Award from the Society for Information Display, and in 2008 the Special Recognition Award from the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. In 2011, he received the Presidential Rank Award from the President of the United States.
Copyright
© 2013 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

  • High Frame Rate Distribution [Active]
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  • 6. Watson A. B. , “Display Motion Blur: Comparison of Measurement Methods,” J. SID , 18 ( 2 ): 179 – 190 , 2010 . EXTERNAL
  • 7. Schade O. H. Sr. , “Optical and Photoelectric Analog of the Eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 46 ( 9 ): 721 – 739 , 1956 . EXTERNAL
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  • 11. Potmesil M. Chakravarty I. , “Modeling Motion Blur in Computer Generated Images,” Comput. Graph. , 17 ( 3 ): 389 – 399 , 1983 . EXTERNAL
  • 12. Watson A. B. , “Temporal Sensitivity,” in Boff K. Kaufman L. Thomas J. (Eds.) , Handbook of Perception and Human Performance Wiley New York 1986 . EXTERNAL
  • 13. Tyler C. W. Hamer R. D. , “Analysis of Visual Modulation Sensitivity. IV. Validity of the Ferry-Porter Law,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A , 7 ( 4 ): 743 – 758 , 1990 , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2338596 . EXTERNAL
  • 14. Watson A. B. Yellott J. I. , “A Unified Formula for Light-Adapted Pupil Size,” J. Vis. , 12 ( 10 ), 2012 , http://journalofvision.org/12/10/12/ . EXTERNAL
  • 15. Farrell J. E. Benson B. L. Haynie C. R. , “Predicting Flicker Thresholds for Video Display Terminals,” Proc. SID , 28 ( 4 ): 449 – 453 , 1987 . EXTERNAL
  • 16. Barten P. G. J. , Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye and Its Effects on Image Quality SPIE Optical Engineering Press Bellingham, WA 1999 . EXTERNAL
  • 17. Rabin J. , “Luminance Effects on Visual Acuity and Small Letter Contrast Sensitivity,” Optom. Vis. Sci. , 71 : 685 – 688 , 1994 . EXTERNAL
  • 18. Mullen K. T. , “The Contrast Sensitivity of Human Colour Vision to Red–Green and Blue–Yellow Chromatic Gratings,” Journal of Physiology , 359 : 381 – 400 , 1985 . EXTERNAL
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  • 20. Drasdo N. Millican C. L. Katholi C. R. Curcio C. A. , “The Length of Henle Fibers in the Human Retina and a Model of Ganglion Receptive Field Density in the Visual Field,” Vis. Res. , 47 ( 22 ): 2901 – 2911 , 2007 , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320143 . EXTERNAL
  • 21. Koenderink J. J. Bouman M. A. Bueno de Mesquita A. E. Slappendel S. , “Perimetry of Contrast Detection Thresholds of Moving Spatial Sine Wave Patterns. II. The Far Peripheral Visual Field (Eccentricity 0°–50°),” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 68 : 850 – 854 , 1978 . EXTERNAL
  • 22. Watson A. B. Malo J. , “Video Quality Measures Based on the Standard Spatial Observer,” presented at the International Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, NY , 2002 . EXTERNAL
  • 23. Watson A. B. Hu J. McGowan J. F. III , “Digital Video Quality Metric Based on Human Vision,” J. Electron. Imag. , 10 ( 1 ): 20 – 29 , 2001 , http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/jei2000_2wc.doc.pdf . EXTERNAL
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  • 25. Watson A. B. , “Vision Science: Demonstration of the Window of Visibility,” http://visionscience.com/cdf/watson-windowofvisibility-demo.html . EXTERNAL
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Andrew B. Watson; High Frame Rates and Human Vision: A View through the Window of Visibility, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 122, Issue: 2, March 2013); SMPTE, 2013. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/j18266XY
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<span class="citation">Andrew B. Watson; <cite>High Frame Rates and Human Vision: A View through the Window of Visibility</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 122, Issue: 2, March 2013); SMPTE, 2013. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/j18266XY" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/j18266XY</a></span>

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Andrew B. Watson; High Frame Rates and Human Vision: A View through the Window of Visibility, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 122, Issue: 2, March 2013); SMPTE, 2013
doi: 10.5594/j18266XY
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Andrew B. Watson; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j18266xy">High Frame Rates and Human Vision: A View through the Window of Visibility</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 122, Issue: 2, March 2013); SMPTE, 2013
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