Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 42, Issue: 1, January 1944)

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A Review of Hypo Testing Methods

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Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Journal Article
Content Type: Original Research
Abbreviated Title: J SMPE
Volume: 42, No. 1, pp. 34–57
Abstract: The degree of washing of photographic films and prints is usually determined by estimating the hypo content of either (a) the photographic material, (b) the wash water, or (c) the drippings collected from the material. Various hypo testing methods are described including the use of either potassium permanganate, iodine, mercuric chloride, silver nitrate, or electrical conductivity measurements. It is shown that chemical or electrical measurements of the hypo content of wash water, or drippings from washed photographic materials, do not give an accurate indication of the quantity of residual hypo in the film or print but may be used for control purposes with continuous processing machines. Spot tests made on the surface of the material with iodine solutions, e. g., iodineazide-starch, are not easily reproducible with respect to the ratio of the volume of test solution to the area of the film or print to which it is applied. Bathing tests in which the film or print is immersed in the test solution, e. g., iodineazide-starch, are reproducible with respect to volume of reagent and the area treated but do not measure the total residual hypo in the material. Chemical and electrical conductivity measurements of hypo in the wash water, etc., the spot test methods and the. bathing tests may be used, however, for control purposes to indicate the degree of washing if they are first standardized by a testing method which determines the hypo content of the film or print quantitatively, that is, the total residual hypo. The total residual hypo in films may be determined quantitatively by use of the Crabtree-Ross mercuric chloride test and in prints by a silver nitrate test which involves the conversion of hypo to silver sulfide in situ and estimating the silver sulfide by (a) measurement of the transmission density of the silver sulfide stain, and then reading the corresponding residual hypo content from a standard curve, or (b) matching the silver sulfide stain produced by a drop of silver nitrate with a series of standard stains.
Publication Date: 1944-01-01
DOI: 10.5594/J08461
ISSN: Print: 0097-5834
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/J08461
Author(s): J. I. Crabtree
G. T. Eaton
L. E. MuehlerEastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.
Copyright: © 1944 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

1. Crabtree J. I. Eaton G. T. Muehler L. E. : “The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images,” J. Phot. Soc. Amer. , VI ( 1940 ), p. 6; J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. XXV (Nov., 1940), p. 484. EXTERNAL
10. Sedlaczek A. : “Ueber den Nachweis von Natriumthiosulfat (On the Detection of Sodium Thiosulfate),” Das Atelier des Photographen , 10 , No. 2 ( 1903 ), p. 25 . EXTERNAL
11. Von Siebert Otto : “Wann haben unsere Platten und Bilder genügend gewässert? (When Are Plates and Prints Sufficiently Washed?),” Das Atelier des Photographen , 4 ( 1903 ), p. 62 . (Refers to work of Gaedicke.) Cf. Photo Woch., Feb. 13, 1900. EXTERNAL
12. Hackl O. : “Colorimetrische Bestimmung von Spuren Thiosulfat auch neben Sulfit (Colorimetric Estimation of Traces of Thiosulfate in the Presence of Sulfite),” Chem. Zeit. , 47 ( 1923 ), p. 266 . EXTERNAL
13. Houck R. C. Sheppard S. E. : “The Influence of pH on Washing Films after Processing,” J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. , XXXI (July, 1938 ), p. 67 . EXTERNAL
14. Cary E. Wheeler A. H. : “Quantitative Tests for Residual Hypo,” Amer. Phot. , 36 (Jan., 1942 ), p. 16 . EXTERNAL
16. Crabtree J. I. Ross J. F. : “A Method of Testing for the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate in Motion Picture Films,” J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. , XIV (Apr., 1930 ), p. 419 . EXTERNAL
16. Allen E. T. Crenshaw J. L. : “Crystalline Forms and Genetic Conditions of the Sulfides of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury,” Amer. J. Sci. , 34 ( 1912 ), p. 341 . EXTERNAL
17. “Evaluation of Motion Picture Film for Permanent Records,” U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards , Miscellaneous Publication No. N 158, 5, 1937 . EXTERNAL
18. Gibson J. E. Weber C. G. : “The Evaluation of Motion Picture Films by Semi-micro Testing,” J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. , XXXII (Jan., 1939 ), p. 105 . EXTERNAL
19. Evans G. H. : “Testing Aerial Photographic Negatives for Residual Sodium Thiosulfate,” Photogrammetric Eng. , VIII ( 1942 ), p. 121 . EXTERNAL
2. Crabtree J. I. Eaton G. T. Muehler L. E. : “The Removal of Hypo and Silver Salts from Photographic Materials as Affected by the Composition of the Processing Solutions,” J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. , XLI (July, 1943 ), p. 9 . EXTERNAL
20. Townsend L. G. : “Proposed Residual Hypo Determinations on Film and Paper,” J. Documentary Reproduction , I , No. 4 ( 1938 ), p. 366 . EXTERNAL
21. Lumière A. Lumière L. Seyewetz A. : “Tests for Hypo in Prints after Washing,” Brit. J. Phot. , 55 ( 1908 ), p. 417; Ibid., 60 (1913), p. 873 . EXTERNAL
22. Lüppo-Cramer : “Adsorptions verbindungen der Gelatine mit sauren Agenzien (Adsorption Compounds of Gelatin with Acid Agents),” Phot. Ind. , 10 ( 1912 ), p. 1006 . EXTERNAL
Lüppo-Cramer : “Zum auswaschen der Fixier-Lösungen (On the Washing Out of Fixing Solutions),” Phot. Ind. , 15 ( 1917 ), p. 686 . EXTERNAL
23. Weyde E. : “On the Possibility of Increasing the Stability of Photographic Prints,” Brit. J. Phot. , 82 ( 1935 ), p. 376 . EXTERNAL
24. Freytag H. : “Was für die Haltbarkeit unserer Bilder Wichtig ist? (What Is Important for the Permanence of Prints?),” Phot. Chronik , 44 ( 1937 ), p. 401 . (This appears to be a repetition of the work of Weyde.). EXTERNAL
26. Crabtree J. T. Eaton G. T. Muehler L. E. : “The Quantitative Determination of Hypo in Photographic Prints with Silver Nitrate,” J. Frank. Inst. , 235 , No. 4 ( 1943 ), p. 351 . EXTERNAL
26. Hickman K. C. D. : “The Washing of Photographic Products—Part II, An Electrical Device for Measuring Minute Amounts of Hypo,” Phot. J. , 63 , NS 47 ( 1923 ), p. 208 . EXTERNAL
27. Hickman K. C. D. Spencer D. A. : “The Washing of Photographic Products,” Phot. J. , 64 , NS 48 ( 1924 ), p. 539 ; Ibid., 65 NS 49 (1925), p. 443. EXTERNAL
28. Bender L. L. : “Electrical Testing for Hypo Elimination,” The Camera , 55 ( 1937 ), p. 364 . EXTERNAL
3. Crabtree J. I. Eaton G. T. : “Washing Photographic Films and Prints in Sea Water,” J. Soc. Mot. Pic. Eng. , XL (June, 1943 ), p. 380 . EXTERNAL
4. “Elementary Photographic Chemistry,” Eastman Kodak Company , Rochester, N. Y. ( 1941 ), p. 120 . EXTERNAL
5. Jelley E. E. Clark W. : “A Test for Thiosulfates,” Brit. J. Phot. , 89 ( 1929 ), p. 714 . EXTERNAL
6. Feigl F. : “Über einen neuen empfindlichen Nachweis von Sulfiden und Thiosulfaten (Concerning a New Senstive Test for Sulfides and Thiosulfates).” Z. Anal. Chem. 74 , p. 369 ( 1928 ); for earlier observations see Raschig, F.: Schwefel und Stickstoffstudien (Sulfur and Nitrogen Studies) 201 1924, also Ber. deutsch. chem. Get., 48: (1915), p. 2088. EXTERNAL
7. Herschel J. F. W. : Edinburgh Phil. J. 1 ( 1819 ), p. 26 . EXTERNAL
8. Reynolds E. J. : “On the Detection of Hyposulfite of Soda,” Brit. J. Phot. , 10 ( 1863 ), p. 360 . EXTERNAL
9. Lumière A. Lumière L. Seyewetz A. : Bul. Soc. Franc. Phot. ( 1902 ), p. 251 . EXTERNAL

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J. I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L. E. Muehler; A Review of Hypo Testing Methods, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 42, Issue: 1, January 1944); SMPTE, 1944. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J08461

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J. I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L. E. Muehler; A Review of Hypo Testing Methods, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 42, Issue: 1, January 1944); SMPTE, 1944. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J08461

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J. I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L. E. Muehler; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j08461">A Review of Hypo Testing Methods</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 42, Issue: 1, January 1944); SMPTE, 1944
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