Deploying Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD

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Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Journal Article
Content Type: Original Research
Abbreviated Title: SMPTE Mot. Imag J.
Volume: 124, No. 3, pp. 37–49
Abstract: This is an extended version of the paper with the same title that has been presented at IBC 2014.<sup>1</sup>Twenty years ago, Poynton presented a paper at IBC 1994 entitled “Wide gamut device-independent color image interchange.” The CCIR 709 standard had just been adopted (in 1990), and, by 1994, sRGB deployment in desktop computing was well under way. That paper anticipated commercial interest in exchange for wide-gamut imagery. As it turned out, wide gamut was not imminent: We’ve had 20 years of very stable color encoding for video in the form of BT.709 for HD (augmented recently by BT.1886, which finally standardizes gamma), and the 709-derivative sRGB that remains ubiquitous in the computer domain. Now, however, dramatic changes are under way. Wide color gamut (WCG), enabled mainly by RGB LED backlights for liquid crystal display (LCD) displays, has already seen initial deployment in consumer television. High dynamic range (HDR) cameras are commercially available; and HDR displays, mainly enabled by spatially modulated LED backlights, are on the verge of commercialization. Many industry experts agree that consumers will experience WCG and HDR as more significant than increasing spatial resolution from HD (“2K”) to “4K.” This paper revisits the topic of the 1994 paper, but now with some urgency, to address the question: How should wide color gamut and high dynamic range video imagery be encoded? The main conclusion is that the Y’CBCR technique and its variants are perfectly adequate for moderate dynamic range, but yield less than optimum performance when combined with HDR. New encoding techniques are needed. We conclude that: ▪A new high dynamic range opto-electronic conversion function (HDR OECF) (perceptual quantizer) should replace the conventional gamma function to enable HDR. ▪HDR should be encoded with at least 10 bits per component, to suppress “banding.” 10 bits Y”C<inf>B</inf>C<inf>R</inf> 4:2:0 is at this moment the accepted standard for encoding HDR, and Philips will support the developments deriving from that choice. ▪Going to 12 bits Y”C<inf>B</inf>C<inf>R</inf> 4:2:0 will bring too little perceived improvement on natural content; further improvement must come from other changes. ▪C<inf>B</inf>C<inf>R</inf> (chroma) subsampling performs worse in combination with the HDR OECF; we propose encoding and decoding constant luminance, with modified u'v' chromaticity components instead of C<inf>B</inf>C<inf>R</inf>. ▪Therefore, for the future, we propose going to 10 bits Y”u”v” 4:2:0.
Publication Date: 2015-04-01
DOI: 10.5594/j18530
ISSN: Print: 1545-0279 | Electronic: 2160-2492
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/j18530
Author(s): Charles Poynton
bio
Charles Poynton is an independent contractor specializing in the physics, mathematics, and engineering of digital colour imaging systems, including digital video, HD/UHD, and digital cinema (D-cinema). He does technology forecasting, systems modelling, algorithm development, video signal processing architecture, color characterization and calibration, and image quality assessment. He lives and works in Toronto, Canada.
Jeroen Stessen
bio
Jeroen Stessen was born in 1962, and became interested in electronics around the age of 8. In 1987 he graduated from Eindhoven Technical University with an M.Sc. in electronics, and a specialization in control systems. He then began working in the television laboratory of Philips Consumer Electronics. During more than 25 years with Philips he has developed analog and digital electronics and various image processing algorithms. In 2012, he was transferred along with the television business to TP Vision. In 2014, he began consulting for Philips Intellectual Properties and Standards, in a project about High Dynamic Range TV. In this role, he is developing solutions for HDR transmission and for HDR ↔ SDR conversion. He has put his name on approximately 10 external publications and 40 patent applications. He lives in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, with his wife and 3 children.
Rutger Nijland
bio
Rutger Nijland graduated from the Polytechnic College in Enschede in 1999. That same year, he joined the Philips Advanced Systems and Application Labs Eindhoven, The Netherlands, where he worked in the Flat television department on digital video processing and matrix display systems. He was involved in a wide range of projects in the area of plasma and LCD TV development, ranging from algorithm development to definition, implementation, and application of integrated circuits. Currently, he is a research scientist involved in high dynamic range video encoding and tone mapping. Nijland has been involved in video research activities including sharpness, scaling, contrast manipulation, and color theory.
Copyright: © 2015 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

CIE.1976.2004 — CIE S 014-5 (2004), Colorimetry, Part 5, CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour Space and u′, v′ Uniform Chromaticity Space. Also published as ISO 11664-5:2009. First presented at IBC 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 11-15 September 2014. This paper is published here by kind permission of the IBC. Copyright © IBC. ThE AUThORS Charles Poynton is an independent contractor specializing in the physics, mathematics, and engineering of digital colour imaging systems, including digital video, HD/UHD, and digital cinema (D-cinema). He does technology forecasting, systems modelling, algorithm development, video signal processing architecture, color characterization and calibration, and image quality assessment. He lives and works in Toronto, Canada. EXTERNAL
Scott Daly, et al. (2013), “Preference limits of the visual dynamic range for ultra high quality and aesthetic conveyance,” Proc. SPIE, 8651:86510J, 2013. EXTERNAL
Helge Seetzen, et al. (2004), “High Dynamic Range Display Systems,” ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH ‘04), 23(3):760–768, 2004. EXTERNAL
Charles Poynton and Brian Funt (2014, Feb.), “Perceptual Uniformity in Digital Image Representation and Display,” Color Research and Application, 39(1):6–15, Feb. 2014. EXTERNAL
Peter G.J. Barten (2004), “Formula for the Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye,” Proc. SPIE, 5294:231–238, 2004. EXTERNAL
Robert D. Solomon, Color Coding For A Facsimile System, PhD diss., MIT, 1975. EXTERNAL
C. Poynton, J. Stessen, and R. Nijland (2014), “Deploying Wide Colour Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD” IBC 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. EXTERNAL
Scott Miller (2014), “A Perceptual EOTF for Extended Dynamic Range Imagery,” <https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/2014-05-06-EOTF-Miller-1-2-handout.pdf>. EXTERNAL
Greg Ward Larson, [a.k.a. Greg Ward] (1998), “LogLuv Encoding for Full Gamut, High Dynamic Range Images,” in J. Graphics Tools 3 (1): 15–31. EXTERNAL
Peter G.J. Barten (1999), “Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye and its Effects on Image Quality,” PhD thesis (HV Press Knegsel), http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/9901043.pdf. EXTERNAL
Charles Poynton, (2012). Digital Video and HD Algorithms and Interfaces, Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann: Burlington, MA, 2012. EXTERNAL

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Charles Poynton, Jeroen Stessen, and Rutger Nijland; Deploying Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 124, Issue: 3, April 2015); SMPTE, 2015. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/j18530

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Charles Poynton, Jeroen Stessen, and Rutger Nijland; Deploying Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 124, Issue: 3, April 2015); SMPTE, 2015. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/j18530

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<span class="citation">Charles Poynton, Jeroen Stessen, and Rutger Nijland; <cite>Deploying Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 124, Issue: 3, April 2015); SMPTE, 2015. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/j18530" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/j18530</a></span>

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Charles Poynton, Jeroen Stessen, and Rutger Nijland; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j18530">Deploying Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range in HD and UHD</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 124, Issue: 3, April 2015); SMPTE, 2015
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