The Avoidance of Visual Discomfort and Basic Rules for Producing “Good 3D” Pictures

Metadata

Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Journal Article
Content Type: Original Research
Abbreviated Title: SMPTE Mot. Imag. J
Volume: 121, No. 7, pp. 72–79
Abstract: Stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) content is the latest and most powerful trend in the cinema, television, Blu-ray, Internet streaming, video on demand, advertising, and broadcasting markets, with an increasing potential for the next decades. This paper describes the critical aspects of 3D content creation. First, the basic rules for creating “good 3D” and avoiding visual discomfort are determined. In particular, conflicts of depth and binocular rivalry are reviewed in detail, as these cause eye fatigue, headache, and even nausea. The paper describes both the reasons for the appearance of the conflicts and the degree of intensity in the human visual system. Then, the paper compares the level of complexity involved in avoiding or fixing these visual conflicts for the various content-creation techniques: 3D live-action production with stereo camera rigs, theatrical 2D-to-3D conversion, and realtime conversion. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion about the combination of these techniques, their influence on the current and future 3D entertainment market, and the danger of “bad” 3D.
Publication Date: 2012-10-01
DOI: 10.5594/j18236XY
ISSN: Print: 1545-0279
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/j18236XY
Author(s): S. Knorr
bio
Sebastian Knorr is managing director and head of the R&D and Knowledge Management Department of imcube labs GmbH. Between 2002 and 2009 he worked as project manager and senior researcher in the field of 3D image processing and computer vision in the Communication Systems Lab at Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. During this time he was involved in several European Networks of Excellence, e.g., VISNET and 3DTV. — In 2007 Knorr invented the process of automatic 2D to 3D image conversion with highly advanced computer vision technology. He received a Dr.-Ing. degree (PhD) with highest honors in 2008. — Knorr is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the German Society of Television and Cinema Technology (FKTG e.V.). He received the German Multimedia Business Award of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in 2008, and was awarded by the initiative “Germany- Land of Ideas,” which is sponsored by the German government, commerce, and industry in 2009, respectively. In 2012 he received the Scott Helt Memorial Award for the best paper published in the IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting in 2011. Knorr frequently works as reviewer for conferences and journals.
K. Ide
bio
Kai Ide is a researcher at the communication systems group at Technische Universität Berlin since 2008, where he received both his BSc and his MSc degree in electrical engineering in 2007 and 2008, respectively. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree for which he has designed and built a structured light multicamera multiprojector array for realtime 3D scanning. He has been a visiting researcher at the computer vision lab at ETH Zurich and at the quantum photonics integrated circuit design lab at POSTECH. His research interests are focused on 3DTV and applied computer vision with an emphasis on 3D scanning and 3D reconstruction.
M. Kunter
bio
Matthias Kunter is the head of the software development and know-how transfer department of imcube labs GmbH. Until 2009 he worked as senior researcher in the field of 3D image processing and computer vision in the Communication Systems Lab at Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. — Kunter spent time in industry at Bosch S.A. de C.V. in Mexico and Siemens AG, Germany. He received a PhD (Dr.-Ing.) with the thesis “Advances in sprite-based video coding towards universal usability” in 2008. — Kunter received the German Multimedia Business Award of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in 2008 and was awarded by the initiative “Germany-Land of Ideas,” which is sponsored by the German government, commerce and industry in 2009, respectively.
T. Sikora
bio
Thomas Sikora is professor for communications and director of the Communication Systems Lab at Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. — Sikora received Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees in electrical engineering from Bremen University, Bremen, Germany, in 1985 and 1989, respectively. In 1990, he joined Siemens Ltd. and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, as a project leader responsible for video compression research activities in the Australian Universal Broadband Video Codec Consortium. Between 1994 and 2001, he was the director of the Interactive Media Department, Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin GmbH, Germany. Sikora is a co-founder of Vis-a-Pix GmbH and imcube labs GmbH, two Berlin-based start-up companies involved in research and development of audio and video signal processing and compression technology. — Sikora has been involved in the International Telecommunications Union and the International Organization for Standardization as well as in several European research activities for more than 15 years. As Chair of the ISO-MPEG video group, he was responsible for the development and standardization of the MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 video algorithms. Sikora has served as editor on a number of publications and has published more than 300 journal and conference papers related to audio and video processing and has co-authored several books.
Copyright: © 2012 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

1. Mendiburu Bernard , 3D Movie Making—Stereoscopic Digital Cinema from Script to Screen , Focal Press White Plains, NY , USA , May 2009 . EXTERNAL
2. Teulade Vincent , 3D Here and Now&mldr; a Goose that Lays a Golden Egg? , PricewaterhouseCoopers White Plains, NY , 2010 , www.pwc.com/gx/en/entertainmentmedia/publications/3d-here-now.jhtml . EXTERNAL
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S. Knorr, K. Ide, M. Kunter, and T. Sikora; The Avoidance of Visual Discomfort and Basic Rules for Producing “Good 3D” Pictures, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 121, Issue: 7, 2012); SMPTE, 2012. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/j18236XY

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S. Knorr, K. Ide, M. Kunter, and T. Sikora; The Avoidance of Visual Discomfort and Basic Rules for Producing “Good 3D” Pictures, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 121, Issue: 7, 2012); SMPTE, 2012. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/j18236XY

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<span class="citation">S. Knorr, K. Ide, M. Kunter, and T. Sikora; <cite>The Avoidance of Visual Discomfort and Basic Rules for Producing “Good 3D” Pictures</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 121, Issue: 7, 2012); SMPTE, 2012. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/j18236XY" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/j18236XY</a></span>

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S. Knorr, K. Ide, M. Kunter, and T. Sikora; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j18236xy">The Avoidance of Visual Discomfort and Basic Rules for Producing “Good 3D” Pictures</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 121, Issue: 7, 2012); SMPTE, 2012
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