Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC
Metadata
- Publisher
- SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
- Doc Type
- Journal Article
- Content Type
- Original Research
- Abbreviated Title
- SMPTE Mot. Imag. J
- Volume
- 131, No. 1, pp. 31–39
- Abstract
- The potential audience for streaming media services is massive, but satisfying that kind of demand poses a huge technical challenge. Even if existing content delivery networks (CDNs) were capable of distributing such loads, the costs at that scale would remain beyond the monetary capabilities of any broadcaster. By reducing transmission costs associated with content delivery at scale, broadcasters would pay less to the CDNs, making the content cheaper to the end user. In traditional broadcasting technologies, a majority of commercially available content distribution architectures are based on a paradigm rooted in linear broadcast services, having a very basic media service composition, solely focusing on the delivery of content interpretable on a vast amount of compatible TV sets with built-in tuners.While this helped transform the industry by facilitating the transition from analogue to digital broadcast content distribution, it now leaves content providers and broadcast network operators wondering how they can remain relevant in the age of web and internet streaming. This article will take its point of departure in evolved content distribution systems and the resulting system architectures for next-generation broadcast over-the-top (OTT) live and on-demand streaming. It will focus on a solution for efficient and secure transport of well-known low-latency streaming protocols by employing QUIC as a primary transport protocol for the industry leading IP multicast architectures supporting multicast-assisted adaptive bitrate (mABR) streaming, enabled by novel HTTP/3 server push techniques. At scale, the solution could significantly reduce the amount of open streaming sessions, improving the scalability of existing audio–video streaming architectures, and reducing the wastage of scarce bandwidth. Placing physical gateway boxes within users’ home network that fully support QUIC and multicast content reception can reduce the prevalent lack of user agent support for reception of multicast QUIC content. This new model with the core transport protocol based on QUIC will be the foundation for unified content distribution architectures, spanning internet streaming, IPTV, 5G, and the latest ATSC and DVB physical layers, allowing for an efficient, IP-based delivery of linear content to thin clients.
- Publication Date
- 2022-01-01
- DOI
10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757- ISSN
- Print:
1545-0279| Electronic:2160-2492 - Link
- https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
- Author(s)
- Allan Hammershøj
bio
Allan Hammershøj is the co-founder and chief operating officer at mediathand, which specializes in providing fully managed, high-quality live and on-demand streaming and broadcast services. He was the technical coordinator on several projects pioneering digital media distribution in Denmark, including the national DVB-H pilot project in Denmark. His current work includes research and development of a unified service IP infrastructure on top of the physical link layers of 5G, ATSC 3.0, and DVB-GSE together with current and former DVB and ATSC working group members and developers of the standards. He also lectures and co-supervises projects at Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark, in mobile technologies, cognitive systems, and technologies using state-of-the-art IT technologies.Aleksander Nowakbio
Aleksander Nowak obtained an MSc degree in innovative communication technologies and entrepreneurship from Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2021. He specializes in scalable cloud-native architectures, microservices, and DevOps. He worked in multiple companies as a developer and is currently working as a site reliability engineer at Dixa—the Customer Friendship platform.Jonas K. B. Hansenbio
Jonas K. B. Hansen is currently a master’s student at Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark, in the Innovative Communication Technologies and Entrepreneurship study program. His interests lie in software architectures and software design. He is currently working on developing the next protocol for efficient, secure, video distribution on any managed IP network with multicast, in cooperation with mediathand.Čedomir Stefanovićbio
Čedomir Stefanović received Diploma Ing, Mr-Ing, and PhD degrees from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia. He is currently a professor in the Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark, where he leads the Edge Computing and Networking Group. He is a principal researcher on a number of European projects related to IoT, 5G, and mission-critical communications. He has co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed publications. His research interests include communication theory and wireless communications. He serves as an editor for the IEEE Internet of Things Journal. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE. - Keyword(s)
- 5G, ATSC 3.0, DVB-GSE, Golang, HTTP/3, QUIC, Multicast, IPTV, Low-latency Streaming, Multicast Adaptive Bitrate (MABR), OAuth 2.0, OTT-B, PKCE, ROUTE, TLS 1.3
- Copyright
- © 2022 SMPTE
Bibliographic Reference(s)
- ETSI.TS-102-606 — “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE) Protocol,” ETSI TS 102 606. EXTERNAL
- ISO.23008-1 — “High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments — Part 1: MPEG Media Transport (MMT),” specified as ISO/IEC 23008-1. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/76386.html EXTERNAL
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- L. Pardue, R. Bradbury, and S. Hurst, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Over Multicast QUIC,” Network Working Group Internet-Draft, Feb. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-pardue-quic-http-mcast-09.html EXTERNAL
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- “ATSC Standard: Signaling, Delivery, Synchronization, and Error Protection,” Doc. A/331:2020, Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, DC, Jan. 16, 2020. Although current deployments require multicast gateways as external hardware devices, it is perfectly reasonable to assume that they could be digitized and located inside the customers’ User Agent devices. BBC R&D group’s attempt to digitalize multicast gateway through WebAssembly was halted due to poor browser support for server push cache manipulation.2 Once the browsers and smartphones start introducing support for more loose Push cache manipulation, it might reignite the interest in bringing that idea to life. In a perfect world, the browsers should be capable of multicast QUIC stream reception completely software-based, without any intermediary devices. QUIC can be coupled with advanced forward errorcorrection schemes like fountain or network codes,31 which will effectively enable proactive error correction over the multicast link, further reducing the signaling overhead and even potentially removing the need for the return link and long buffering times due to retransmission, keeping delivery latencies as low as possible. Related to the ATSC 3.0 test-bed in Copenhagen, the result of this project was to better understand the possibilities and benefits of using QUIC instead of UDP as the network transport protocol, independent of the application layer protocols used ecosystem. In an ATSC 3.0 setup, multicast is used in a variety of ways with most transport protocols relying on UDP with error correction, as TCP will only impose the previously described problems. With the use of QUIC, reliability is taken to a new level, and the intention is to use QUIC in the entire chain from ingestion to presentation on the end-user device. The project only followed the distribution of media content using HTTP/3 over QUIC in an infrastructure always relying on two-way communication available in all distribution entities, for example, the CDN scenario. The next step is to integrate QUIC into the IP broadcast ecosystem, using a modified ROUTE protocol over ATSC 3.0 and DVB-GSE as bearer technologies and reaching the gateway. The reliability of QUIC, in the presented implementation, will depend on the broadband available at the gateway. Alternative methods exist, using forward error correction in separate ROUTE repair sessions [13], to carry out stream repair at the gateway without the need for an active internet connection. This is to ensure a reliable reception even at locations with a very poor or no internet connectivity. Preliminary trails have been carried out, and the results will be presented in a separate article. Conclusion In this work, we presented a solution that can serve as the reference architecture for multicast QUICbased enhancement to CDNs, allowing for efficient and secure content distribution of audio–video content using various low-latency techniques for HTTP EXTERNAL
- L. Pardue, “There and Back Again—Reinventing UDP Streaming With QUIC,” Demuxed, Dec. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/Zdkjd7-EWmQ EXTERNAL
- “HTTP Live Streaming 2nd Edition,” draft-pantos-hlsrfc8216bis-07. [Online]. Available: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-pantos-hls-rfc8216bis EXTERNAL
- M. Drago, T. Azzino, M. Polese, Č. Stefanović, and M. Zorzi, “Reliable Video Streaming Over mmWave With Multiconnectivity and Network Coding,” 2018 Int. Conf. Comput., Netw. Commun. EXTERNAL
- L. Pardue, “Scalable Media Delivery on the Web With HTTP Server Push,” Tech. Rep., Apr. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/whitepaper336 EXTERNAL
- R. Bradbury and L. Pardue, “Scalable Internet Broadcasting Using Multicast QUIC,” Linx100, Mar. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://youtu.be/7l6mXM5CrmQ EXTERNAL
- DVB Document A176, “Adaptive Media Streaming Over ip Multicast,” Mar. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://dvb.org/?standard=adaptive-media-streaming-over-ip-multicast EXTERNAL
- Figure 4.2-1 in “Adaptive Media Streaming Over IP Multicast,” DVB Document A176, 2nd ed., Mar. 2020. EXTERNAL
- “HTTP/3 Support,” Safari 14 Release Notes. [Online]. Available: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-14-release-notes EXTERNAL
- J. Iyengar and M. Thomson, “QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport,” Tech. Rep., May 2021. [Online]. Available: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000 EXTERNAL
- IETF RFC 4604 [Active*]
- IETF RFC 6749 [Active*]
- IETF RFC 7636 [Active*]
- IETF RFC 7761 [Active*]
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Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
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Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
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Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
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<span class="citation">Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; <cite>Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757</a></span>
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Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022
doi: 10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
doi: 10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757
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<li> Allan Hammershøj, Aleksander Nowak, Jonas K. B. Hansen, and Čedomir Stefanović; <cite id="bib-10-5594-jmi-2021-3114757">Next-Generation OTT Distribution Architecture Supporting Multicast-Assisted ABR (mABR) and HTTP/3 Over QUIC</cite>, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 131, Issue: 1, 2022); SMPTE, 2022 <span class="doi">10.5594/JMI.2021.3114757</span> </li>