Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 35, Issue: 11, November 1940)

[ACTIVE]

The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images

Metadata

Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Journal Article
Content Type: Original Research
Abbreviated Title: J SMPE
Volume: 35, No. 11, pp. 484–506
Abstract: It is very difficult, if not impossible, to remove the last traces of hypo from photographic papers by any known procedure of washing. The sulfur in the residual hypo ultimately, and especially under abnormal conditions of temperature and humidity, combines with the silver image to form yellowish-brown silver sulfide. This phenomenon is known as sulfiding or “fading” of the image. The various factors which affect the rate of fading of images and the washing out of hypo from films and papers are outlined. Chemical methods of hypo elimination. have been proposed from time to time but the majority of these have not been satisfactory bemuse they tend to leave substances such as thionates in the photographic material, which are equally as difficult to wash out as hypo and which also tend to sulfide or fade the silver image. A new hypo eliminator is recommended consisting of two volatile chemicals, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. This eliminator oxidizes the hypo to sodium sulfate, which is inert and soluble in water, while any excess eliminator evaporates on drying. Two formulas and treatments are proposed: (1) Complete elimination of hypo for use by the professional, advanced amateur, and photofinisher who demand the highest standard of photographic quality in their prints. (2) Almost complete elimination of hypo (less than 0.01 milligram per square inch). Since the conditions to which prints will be subjected are rarely known in advance, use of the “complete elimination treatment” is advised in all cases.
Publication Date: 1940-11-01
DOI: 10.5594/J14622
ISSN: Print: 0097-5834
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/J14622
Author(s): J.I. Crabtree
G. T. Eaton
L.E. Muehler
Copyright: © 1940 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

1 Crabtree J. I. Ross J. F. : “A Method of Testing for the Presence of Thiosulfate in Motion Picture Film,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XIV ( 1930 ), p. 419 . EXTERNAL
10 Spller J. : “Photography in Its Chemical Aspects,” Phot. J. , 11 (June, 1866 ), p. 16 . EXTERNAL
11 Footnote, Das Lichtbild , 7 ( 1931 ), p. 42 . EXTERNAL
12 Sheppard S.E. Ballard A. : “The Covering Power of Photographic Silver Deposits—I,” J. Frank. Inst. , 206 ( 1928 ), p. 659 . EXTERNAL
13 Hickman K. C. D. Spencer D. A. : “The Washing of Photographic Products,” Phot. J. , 62 ( 1922 ), p. 225 . EXTERNAL
14 Eder J. M. : “Structure and Composition of Silver Bromide Gelatin Plates, Films, and Developing Papers,” Camera (Luzern) , 4 ( 1925–26 ), p. 29 . EXTERNAL
15 Sheppard S. E. Ballard A. : “The Covering Power of Photographic Silver Deposits—I,” J. Frank. Inst. , 206 ( 1928 ), p. 135 . EXTERNAL
16 “Evaluation of Motion Picture Film for Permanent Records,” Misc. Pub.M-158, U. S Dept. of comm., National Bureau of Standards ( 1937 ), p. 5 . EXTERNAL
2 Lumière A Lumière L. Seyewetz A. : “Ammonium Thiosulfate as a Fixing Bath,” Brit. J. Phot. , 55 ( 1908 ), p. 417 . EXTERNAL
3 Weyde E. : “On the Possibility of Improving the Permanence of Photographic Prints,” Photo Woche , 25 ( 1935 ), p. 474 . See also Brit. J. Phot. , 82 (1935), p. 376, and Veröff. wiss. Zentral-Lab. phot. Abt. Agfa , V (1937), p. 181 . EXTERNAL
4 “Reducible Sulfur in Paper,” Paper Trade J., Tech. Assoc., Sec. 108 (March 2, 1939 ), p. 24 . EXTERNAL
5 Crabtree J. I. Ross J. F. : “A Method of Testing for the Presence of Thiosulfate in Motion Picture Film,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XIV ( 1930 ), p. 419 . EXTERNAL
6 Lumière A. Lumière L. Seyewetz A. : “Entfernung des fixiernatrons durch Waschen mit Wasser,” Eder's Jahrbuch ( 1908 ), p. 505 . EXTERNAL
7 Hauberrisser G. : “Über das Entfernen von Fixiernatron aus photographischen Schlichten durch Auswassern bei Hoherer Temperatur,” Phot. Rund. , 24 ( 1910 ), p. 91 . EXTERNAL
8 Hart F. W. : “Early History of Hypo Eliminators,” Brit. J. Phot. , 35 ( 1888 ), p. 151 . EXTERNAL
9 Smith A. : “On the Removal of the Last Traces of Hyposulfites from positive Paper Prints,” Brit. J. Phot. , 13 (May, 1866 ), p. 226 . EXTERNAL

Source Data (JSON)

Full registry record with provenance metadata. Open directly: /api/doc/10.5594-J14622.json

Reference Tree

Explore all references and references to this document, as a navigable tree.

Open Reference Tree

Reference this Doc

Plain text (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:

J.I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L.E. Muehler; The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 35, Issue: 11, November 1940); SMPTE, 1940. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14622

Snippet:

J.I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L.E. Muehler; The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 35, Issue: 11, November 1940); SMPTE, 1940. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14622

HTML (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:

Snippet:

<span class="citation">J.I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L.E. Muehler; <cite>The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 35, Issue: 11, November 1940); SMPTE, 1940. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/J14622" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/J14622</a></span>

SMPTE's HTML Pub

Preview:

Snippet:

<li>
J.I. Crabtree, G. T. Eaton, and L.E. Muehler; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j14622">The Elimination of Hypo from Photographic Images</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 35, Issue: 11, November 1940); SMPTE, 1940
<span class="doi">10.5594/J14622</span>
</li>

Referenced By

Increasing the Washing Rate of Motion-Picture Films with Salt Solutions [Active]