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SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 64, Issue: 3, March 1955)
[ACTIVE]

Early History of Amateur Motion-Picture Film

Metadata

Publisher
SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type
Journal Article
Content Type
Original Research
Abbreviated Title
SMPTE J
Volume
64, No. 3, pp. 105–116
Abstract
A review is given of the status of motion-picture films for amateur use prior to 1923. Up to that date, lack of standardization of film size, the use of the negative-positive method, and cost of apparatus and printing held back extensive use of film for amateur motion pictures. Research in the manufacture of safety acetate film support was started by Eastman Kodak Co. in 1906–1907, and limited quantities of film were manufactured and sold between 1912 and 1923. Film on safety acetate base, a fundamental requirement for home movies, was introduced in 1912 for a portable projector made by Thomas A. Edison, Inc., and also for equipment made by Pathé Frères, a French firm. A safety film 9.5mm wide, introduced by Pathé Cinéma in 1923, was developed either to a negative, or directly to a positive by the conventional reversal method. Research on film for amateur motion pictures was started in 1914 by Eastman Kodak Co. and led to the introduction of the Ciné-Kodak process on January 8, 1923. A safety film 16mm wide was used which was developed directly to a positive by an improved reversal process using controlled second exposure. The factors are analyzed that made this process successful and encouraged the standardization of 16mm film throughout the world. Included is a short account of the processing of 16mm films, of improvements in 16mm film emulsions, the printing of duplicates, the use of sound on 16mm film, the history of 8mm reversal film, and the introduction of amateur motion pictures in color.
Publication Date
1955-03-01
DOI
10.5594/J14538
ISSN
Print: 0898-0438
Link
https://doi.org/10.5594/J14538
Author(s)
Glenn E. MatthewsResearch Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.
Raife G. TarkingtonResearch Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N.Y.
Copyright
© 1955 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

  • 16 mm. Sound Film Dimensions [Active]
  • A Continuous Optical Reduction Sound Printer [Active]
  • Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support [Active]
  • John George Capstaff [Active]
  • History of Professional Black-and-White Motion-Picture Film [Active]
  • 1. Mees C. E. K. , “A new substandard film for amateur cinematography,” Trans. SMPE , No. 16, 252 258 , 1923 ; also “Motion picture photography for the amateur,” J. Franklin Inst. 196: 227–245, Aug. 1923. EXTERNAL
  • 11. Reckmeyer V. H. Baldwin H. S. , “Reversal process,” The Complete Photographer , Nat. Educational Alliance , Chicago , 1943 , pp. 3145 – 3149 . EXTERNAL
  • 12. U.S. Patent 1,460,703 (July 3, 1923 ); also Brit. J. Phot., 70: 409, July 6, 1923; and Brit. Pat. 167,357. EXTERNAL
  • 13. Victor A. F. , “The motion picture, a practical feature of the home,” Trans. SMPE , No. 16, 264 – 265 , 1923 . EXTERNAL
  • 14. U.S. Patent 1,908,610 (May 9, 1933); also C. Tuttle, “Devices for the photoelectric control of exposure in photographic printing,” J. Franklin Inst., 224: 615–631, Nov. 1937. EXTERNAL
  • 15. Clerc L. P. , Paris Notes, Brit. J. Phot. , 70 : 49 , Jan. 26, 1923 ; also L. Lobel, “Le projecteur de salon ‘Pathé-Baby’,” Sci. Tech. et Ind. Phot., 3A, No. 4, 38–40, Apr. 1923; and “Le Pathé-Baby,” ibid., 3A, No. 12, 126–128, Dec. 1923. EXTERNAL
  • 16. “Le Film Vierge Pathé” — Etablissements Pathé Cinéma , Paris , 1926 , Chapter VII, Le Film Inversible Pathé, p. 83 . EXTERNAL
  • 17. Emmermann C. Brandt K. , “Agfa-Umkehrfilm,” Filmtechnik , 4 : 463 – 466 , Nov. 24, 1928 ; also “Agfa Film Available,” Movie Makers, 4: 408, June 1929. EXTERNAL
  • 2. Crawford M. , “The first thirty years,” Movie Makers , 5 : 755 – 757 , 783 – 785 , Dec. 1930 ; see also W. Stull, “Forty-eight years of home movies,” Am. Cinemat., 21: 58–60, 73–74, Feb. 1943; G. Cushman and C. Randall, “Biography of an idea,” Home Movies, 11: 406–408, 430, Oct. 1944; Vorlãufer und Wege zu den modernen Schmalfilmformaten,” Film Kino-Technik, 8: 263–265, Sept. 1954. EXTERNAL
  • 21. Holslag R. C. , “Enter the eight,” Movie Makers , 7 : 335 , 356 , Aug. 1932 ; also H. B. Tuttle, “Beginning with the eight,” ibid., 8: 190, 207–208, May 1933. EXTERNAL
  • 22. Capstaff J. G. Seymour M. W. , “The Kodacolor Process for amateur color cinematography,” Trans. SMPE, No. 36, 940–947, 1928; also C. E. K. Mees, “Amateur cinematography and the Kodacolor Process,” J. Franklin Inst. , 207 : 1 – 17 , Jan. 1929 . EXTERNAL
  • 23. Heymer G. , “Das Agfacolor-Farbenver-fahren fur 16mm Film,” Phot. Industrie , 30 : 1199 – 1202 , Nov. 30, 1932 . EXTERNAL
  • 24. Brit. J. Phot. , 81 : 449 , July 27, 1934 . EXTERNAL
  • 25. Brit. Pat. 15,055 ( 1912 ); also Brit. J. Phot., 60: 595, Aug. 1, 1913. EXTERNAL
  • 26. Mees C. E. K. , “Presenting Kodachrome,” Movie Makers , 10 : 197 , 220 – 221 , May 1935 ; L. Mannes and L. Godowsky, Jr., “Kodachrome Process for amateur cinematography in natural colors,” Jour. SMPE, 25: 65 68, July 1935; also E. R. Davies, “The Kodachrome Process of 16mm Colour Kinematography,” Phot. J., 76: 248–253, April 1936. EXTERNAL
  • 27. Mees C. E. K. , “Direct processes for making prints in color,” J. Franklin Inst. , 233 : 41 – 50 , 1942 ; also C. E. K. Mees, “Modern colour photography,” Endeavour, 7: 131–140, Oct. 1948. EXTERNAL
  • 28. Hatschek P. , “Der neue deutsche Agfa-Farbenfilm,” Die Kinotechnik , 21 : 345 – 346 , Nov. 5, 1936 ; also Brit. J. Phot., 83: 709, Nov. 6, 1936 and W. Schneider and G. Wilmanns, “Agfa-color-Neu,” Veröffent. Wiss. Zentral-Lab. Agfa, 5: 29–36, 1937. EXTERNAL
  • 3. Cook W. B. , “Description to accompany demonstration of Pathescope,” Trans. SMPE, No. 16, 266, 1923; see also “The Pathescope Home Cinematograph,” Brit. J. Phot. , 60 : 216 217 , Mar. 14, 1913 . EXTERNAL
  • 4. Victor A. F. , “The portable projector, its present status and needs,” Trans. SMPE , No. 6, 29 – 32 , 1918 . EXTERNAL
  • 5. Cook W. B. , “Advantages of the use of the new standard narrow width, slow burning film for portable projectors,” Trans. SMPE , No. 7, 86 – 90 , 1923 ; also Report of the Standards Committee, Trans. SMPE, No. 10, 6, 1920. EXTERNAL
  • 6. McKay H. C. , “Kinematography for the amateur,” Photo Era , 51 : 296 , 1923 ; also Motion Picture Photography for the Amateur, by H. C. McKay, Falk Publishing Co. , New York , 1924, Chapter 11, p. 21 . EXTERNAL
  • 7. The Evening Times (Rochester, N.Y.), June 15, 1909 , p. 6 . EXTERNAL
  • 9. Namias R. , “Uebermangansaures Kali zur Abschwãchung zu harter Negative und die Herstellung direkter Positive in der Camera,” Phot. Mitteilungen , 36 : 366 – 367 , 1899 ; also Brit. J. Phot., 47: 679, Oct. 26, 1900. EXTERNAL
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Glenn E. Matthews and Raife G. Tarkington; Early History of Amateur Motion-Picture Film, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 64, Issue: 3, March 1955); SMPTE, 1955. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14538
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Glenn E. Matthews and Raife G. Tarkington; Early History of Amateur Motion-Picture Film, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 64, Issue: 3, March 1955); SMPTE, 1955. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J14538
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Glenn E. Matthews and Raife G. Tarkington; Early History of Amateur Motion-Picture Film, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 64, Issue: 3, March 1955); SMPTE, 1955
doi: 10.5594/J14538
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Glenn E. Matthews and Raife G. Tarkington; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j14538">Early History of Amateur Motion-Picture Film</cite>, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 64, Issue: 3, March 1955); SMPTE, 1955
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