Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 43, Issue: 4, October 1944)

[ACTIVE]

The Physical Properties and Dimensional Behavior of Motion Picture Film

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Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Journal Article
Content Type: Original Research
Abbreviated Title: J SMPE
Volume: 43, No. 4, pp. 227–266
Abstract: A general discussion is given of the physical properties of both nitrate and safety motion picture film and how these properties are influenced by heat, moisture and other factors. Some of the improvements made in safety base in recent years are described together with some of its present weaknesses. The manufacture of film base is mentioned briefly and the influence of structure on physical properties is pointed out. The effects of moisture on film are discussed including the relation between equilibrium moisture content and relative humidity, the rate of swell in water, the rate of drying, and the rate of conditioning. The physical changes which occur in the processing and drying of film by continuous machine are described. The mechanical properties of film, such as tensile strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, cold flow, folding endurance, and tearing resistance, are discussed and comparisons made between various films. The effect of relative humidity and temperature on the brittleness of film is described, with particular reference to low relative humidities and subzero temperatures. Tackiness is mentioned briefly. Temporary and permanent film shrinkage of various types is explained, and the factors which affect shrinkage throughout the life of the film are discussed. The shrinkage characteristics of a number of Eastman motion picture films are tabulated. The cause of curl is explained, as well as the changes in curl, which occur during processing and storage. Recommendations are made throughout on the handling and storage of film to obtain the best performance.
Publication Date: 1944-10-01
DOI: 10.5594/J07994
ISSN: Print: 0097-5834
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/J07994
Author(s): J. M. CalhounEastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York
Copyright: © 1944 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

1. Talbot R. H. : “Some Relationships Between the Physical Properties and the Behavior of Motion Picture Film.” (Presented Feb. 23, 1944, at a meeting of the Atlantic Coast Section of SMPE in New York. To be published in the J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng.). EXTERNAL
10. Weigerink J. G. : “Moisture Relations of Textile Fibers at Elevated Temperatures,” R.P. 1304, J. Res. Nat. Bur. of Standards , 24 (June, 1940 ), p. 645 . EXTERNAL
11. Perry J. H. : “Chemical Engineers Handbook,” McGraw-Hill ( New York ), 1941 , p. 1482 . EXTERNAL
12. Carver E. K. Talbot R. H. Loomis H. A. : “Film Distortions and Their Effect Upon Projection Quality,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XLI (July, 1943 ), p. 88 . EXTERNAL
13. Offenhauser W. H. Jr. : “The 16-Mm Commercial Film Laboratory,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XLI (August, 1943 ), p. 177 . EXTERNAL
14. Carver E. K. Talbot R. H. Loomis H. A. : “Effect of High-Intensity Arcs Upon 35-Mm Film Projection,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XLI (July, 1943 ), p. 69 . EXTERNAL
15. Ott E. : “Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives,” Interscience Publishers, Inc. , ( New York ), 1943 , p. 990 . EXTERNAL
16. Sheppard S. E. Carver E. K. : “Plasticity in Relation to Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives,” J. Phys. Chem. , 29 (October, 1925 ), p. 1244 . EXTERNAL
17. Davis R. Stovall E. J. Jr. : “Dimensional Changes in Aerial Photographic Films and Papers,” R.P. 1051, J. Res. Nat. Bur. of Standards , 19 (December, 1937 ), p. 613 . EXTERNAL
2. Houwink R. : “Elasticity, Plasticity and Structure of Matter,” University Press ( Cambridge ), 1937 , p. 234 . EXTERNAL
3. McNally J. G. Sheppard S. E. : “Double Refractions in Cellulose Acetate and Nitrate Films,” J. Phys. Chem. , 34 (January, 1930 ), p. 165 . EXTERNAL
4. Wynd C. L. A. : “Method of Making Uniaxial Low Shrinkage Cellulose Derivative Sheeting,” U. S. Pat. 2,260,501 (October 28, 1941 ). EXTERNAL
5. Leaderman H. : “Textile Materials and the Time Factor. I—Mechanical Behavior of Textile Fibers and Plastics,” Textile Research , XI , 4 ( 1941 ), p. 171 . EXTERNAL
6. Urquhart A. R. Williams A. M. : “The Moisture Relations of Cotton. The Effect of Temperature on the Absorption of Water by Soda-boiled Cotton,” J. Textile Inst. , 15 ( 1924 ), p. T559. EXTERNAL
7. Ulm R. W. K. : “Influence of Atmospheric Humidity and Temperature on the Moisture Content of Paper Board,” Paper Trade J. , 8 ( 1938 ), p. 108 . EXTERNAL
8. Newsome P. T. Sheppard S. E. : “The Sorption of Water Vapor by Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Part III. The Heat of Adsorption of Water Vapor by Cellulose Acetates,” J. Phys. Chem. , 36 ( 1932 ), p. 930 . EXTERNAL
9. Sheppard S. E. Houck R. C. Dittmar C. : “The Structure of Gelatin Sols and Gels, VI—The Adsorption of Water Vapor and the Electrical Conductivity,” J. Phys. Chem. , 44 , 2 (February, 1940 ), p. 185 . EXTERNAL

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J. M. Calhoun; The Physical Properties and Dimensional Behavior of Motion Picture Film, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 43, Issue: 4, October 1944); SMPTE, 1944. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J07994

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J. M. Calhoun; The Physical Properties and Dimensional Behavior of Motion Picture Film, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 43, Issue: 4, October 1944); SMPTE, 1944. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J07994

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<span class="citation">J. M. Calhoun; <cite>The Physical Properties and Dimensional Behavior of Motion Picture Film</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 43, Issue: 4, October 1944); SMPTE, 1944. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/J07994" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/J07994</a></span>

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J. M. Calhoun; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j07994">The Physical Properties and Dimensional Behavior of Motion Picture Film</cite>, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers ( Volume: 43, Issue: 4, October 1944); SMPTE, 1944
<span class="doi">10.5594/J07994</span>
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Nonferrous Materials for Projector Film Shoes [Active]
Interpretation of Dimensional Changes in Cellulose Ester Base Motion-Picture Films [Active]
History of Sound Motion Pictures [Active]
Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support [Active]
Telecine Reproduction of Motion-Picture Audio [Active]
Preservation of Motion-Picture Color Films Having Permanent Value [Active]
Practical Film Cleaning for Safety and Effectiveness [Active]