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SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979)
[ACTIVE]

Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps

Metadata

Publisher
SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type
Journal Article
Content Type
Original Research
Abbreviated Title
J SMPTE
Volume
88, No. 6, pp. 396–409
Abstract
When a discharge lamp is run from an alternating supply, the intensity of light from it varies between maximum and minimum values at twice the supply frequency. This so-called intensity “ripple” can, if such lamps are used as light sources in motion-picture film work, lead to a cyclic variation in frame-to-frame exposure. This in turn can cause the overall luminance of the displayed picture to fluctuate. In this paper, an investigation of the visibility of such luminance fluctuations over the frequency range 0.1–12.5 Hz is described. Limits of film exposure variation are recommended, below which these picture luminance fluctuations should not be visible, taking into account a nonlinear transfer characteristic. The magnitude of film exposure variation which can occur in practice is discussed, based on the assumption that the variation in lamp intensity is sinusoidal in character, as is the frequency of the luminance fluctuations which occur when the film is replayed. Using these factors, theoretical relationships are derived between camera frame frequency and shutter angle, and lamp supply frequency and intensity ripple magnitude, such that picture luminance fluctuations due to the presence of the ripple component are not perceptible. Camera shutter angles in the range 135°-235°, camera frame frequencies of 24 Hz and 25 Hz, and lamp supply frequencies both in the range covered by conventional public electricity supplies and also of values much higher than this are included. In this latter case a “safe” lamp supply frequency is assessed, above which the effects of intensity ripple in causing film exposure variation may be discounted. The effect of ripple asymmetry (successive maxima of the ripple waveform having alternately higher and lower magnitudes) is discussed. The characteristics of two currently available metal-halide discharge lamps are examined, and experimental techniques for measuring intensity ripple under standardized conditions are described.
Publication Date
1979-06-01
DOI
10.5594/J06658
ISSN
Print: 0036-1682
Link
https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658
Author(s)
E.W. TaylorBritish Broadcasting Corporation, Research Dept., Kingswood Warren, Tadworth, Surrey KT20 6NP, England.
Copyright
© 1979 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

  • 1. Taylor E. W. , “On the Visibility of Luminance Fluctuations in Television Pictures, and Exposure Variations in Motion Picture Film,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1975/13. EXTERNAL
  • 10. Taylor E. W. , “The Use of Metal-Halide Discharge Lamps for Film Lighting,” Lighting Res. and Tech. , 10 : pp. 203 – 224 and 11, Dec. 1978 ; also Mar. 1979. EXTERNAL
  • 2. C.C.I.R. XIII Plenary Assembly, Geneva , XI , pp. 65 – 68 (Recommendation 500, Table III). EXTERNAL
  • 3. Taylor E. W. , “Some Aspects of the Use of Metal-Halide Discharge Lamps for Film Lighting,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1976/2. EXTERNAL
  • 4. Mees C. E. K. , “The Theory of the Photographic Process,” Macmillan , New York , 1948 , p. 236 . EXTERNAL
  • 5. Taylor E. W. , “Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps: Some Operating Conditions Giving Freedom From Picture Luminance Fluctuations,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1977/29. EXTERNAL
  • 6. Taylor E. W. , “Metal-Halide Discharge Lamps: the Measurement of Intensity Ripple and a Note on Operation at High Supply Frequencies,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1977/23. EXTERNAL
  • 7. Taylor E. W. , “Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps: the Effect of Intensity Ripple Asymmetry,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1977/8. EXTERNAL
  • 8. Taylor E. W. , “The HMI 575-Watt Metal-Halide Discharge Lamp: Measurements and Predicted Effects of Intensity Ripple Using Sinusoidal Lamp Excitation,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1977/29. EXTERNAL
  • 9. Taylor E. W. , “The CSI 1-kW Metal-Halide Discharge Lamp: Measurements and Predicted Effects of Intensity Ripple Using Sinusoidal Lamp Excitation,” BBC Research Dept. Report No. 1977/46. EXTERNAL
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E.W. Taylor; Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658
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E.W. Taylor; Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658

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E.W. Taylor; Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658
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<span class="citation">E.W. Taylor; <cite>Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps</cite>, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658</a></span>

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E.W. Taylor; Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979
doi: 10.5594/J06658
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/J06658
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E.W. Taylor; <cite id="bib-10-5594-j06658">Film Lighting Using Metal-Halide Lamps</cite>, SMPTE Journal ( Volume: 88, Issue: 6, June 1979); SMPTE, 1979
<span class="doi">10.5594/J06658</span>
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