Historical Paper: The Origins of 35mm Film as a Standard

Bibliographic Reference(s)

• Cameras and Systems: A History of Contributions from the Bell & Howell Co. (Part I) [Active]
• The Early History of Wide Films [Active]
• 1. Dickson Laurie W. K. , “A Brief History of the Kinetograph, the Kinetoscope and the Kineto-phonograph,” in A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television , ed. Fielding Raymond , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1967 , p. 14 . EXTERNAL
• 10. Richardson F. H. , in Fielding, p. 29 . EXTERNAL
• 11. Coe Brian , The History of Movie Photography , Ash & Grant : London , 1981 , pp. 52 – 53 . EXTERNAL
• 12. Mitchell Rick , “History of Wide Screen Formats,” American Cinematographer , 68 : 36 – 37 , May 1978 . EXTERNAL
• 13. Cook Olive , Movement in Two Dimensions , Hutchinson : London , 1963 , pp. 81 – 99 . EXTERNAL
• 14. Coe , illustrations on pp. 11 , 14 – 15 , 18 – 21 . EXTERNAL
• 15. Gunning Tom , film historian, SUNY Purchase, in conversation, Jan. 1989 . EXTERNAL
• 16. Welling William , Photography in America: The Formative Years, 1839–1900 , Crowell : New York , 1978 , passim. EXTERNAL
• 18. Sadoul Georges , Louis Lumiere , Editions Seghers : Paris , 1964 , p. 8 . EXTERNAL
• 19. Hepworth Cecil M. , Animated Photography: The A B C of the Cinematograph , Hazell, Watson, & Viney : London , 1900 ; reprinted Arno: New York, 1970, p. 6. EXTERNAL
• 2. Hendricks Gordon , The Edison Motion Picture Myth , University of California : Berkeley , 1961 , p. 165 . EXTERNAL
• 20. Heath Stephen , “The Cinematic Apparatus: Technology as Historical and Cultural Form,” in Questions of Cinema , Indiana University Press : Bloomington , 1981 , p. 227 . EXTERNAL
• 21. Comolli Jean-Louis , “Technique and Ideology: Camera, Perspective, Depth of Field,” in Movies and Methods , vol. II , ed. Nichols Bill , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1985 , p. 35 . EXTERNAL
• 22. Baudry Jean-Louis , “Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus,” in Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology , ed. Rosen Philip , Columbia University Press : New York , 1986 , pp. 295 – 296 . EXTERNAL
• 23. Condax Phil , George Eastman House, and Dave Gibson, Eastman Kodak Patent Museum, in telephone conversation with author, Jan. 26, 1989 . EXTERNAL
• 24. Hendricks Gordon , The Kinetoscope , New York : The Beginnings of American Film , 1966 , p. 73 , note 17. EXTERNAL
• 25. Comolli , p. 55 . EXTERNAL
• 26. Coe Brian , George Eastman and the Early Photographers , Priory Press : London , 1973 , p. 71 . EXTERNAL
• 27. Welling , p. 321 . EXTERNAL
• 28. Ramsaye , photographic reproductions, opposite p. 70 . EXTERNAL
• 29. Coe , The History of Movie Photography , pp. 59 – 60 , 66 . EXTERNAL
• 3. Belton John , “The Development of CinemaScope by Twentieth Century-Fox,” SMPTE J. , 97 : 712 , Sept. 1988 . EXTERNAL
• 30. Dickson , “A Brief History of the Kinetograph, the Kinetoscope and the Kineto-phonograph,” in A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television , ed. Fielding , pp. 10 – 11 . EXTERNAL
• 31. Dickson Dickson , Edison's Invention of the Kineto-Phonograph , p. 11 . EXTERNAL
• 32. Thomas David B. , Origins of the Motion Picture , Her Majesty's Stationery Office : London , 1964 , pp. 21, 26. EXTERNAL
• 33. Nilsen Vladimir , The Cinema as a Graphic Art , trans. Garry Stephen , Hill and Wang : New York , 1936 , p. 28 . EXTERNAL
• 34. Jones Loyd A. , “Rectangle Proportions in Pictorial Composition,” J. SMPE , 15 : 34 – 36 , Jan. 1930 . EXTERNAL
• 35. Arnheim Rudolf , Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1954 , p. 409 . EXTERNAL
• 36. Hendricks , The Edison Motion-Picture Myth , pp. 143 , 148 , 156 . EXTERNAL
• 37. Gomery Douglas , “The Coming of the Talkies: Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion,” in The American Film Industry , ed. Balio Tino , University of Wisconsin Press : Madison , 1976 , pp. 193 – 194 . EXTERNAL
• 38. Izod John , Hollywood and the Box Office, 1895–1986 , Columbia University Press : New York , 1988 , pp. 1–2, 17. EXTERNAL
• 39. Armat Thomas , “My Part in the Development of the Motion Picture Projector,” in A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television , ed. Fielding Raymond , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1967 , p. 21. EXTERNAL
• 4. Dickson W. K. L. Dickson Antonia , History of the Kinetography, Kinetoscope and Kineto-phonograph , Brun : New York , 1895 ; reprinted Arno: New York, 1970. EXTERNAL
• 40. “A Pot-pourri of Film Widths and Sprocket Holes,” American Cinematographer , Jan. 1969 , pp. 99, 101. EXTERNAL
• 41. Anderson Robert , “The Motion Picture Patents Company: A Reevaluation,” in The American Film Industry , 38 p. 135 . EXTERNAL
• 42. Coe , The History of Movie Photography , p. 88 . EXTERNAL
• 43. Lobban Grant , “Wide-Screen & 3-D Film Formats,” British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society (BKSTS) poster , n.d. EXTERNAL
• 44. Ceram C. W. , Archeology of the Cinema , trans. Winston Richard Harcourt , Brace & World : New York , n.d., p. 147 . EXTERNAL
• 45. Lobban Grant , “Film Gauges and Soundtracks,” BKSTS poster , n.d. (ca. 1988 ). EXTERNAL
• 46. Coe , The History of Movie Photography , p. 63 . EXTERNAL
• 47. Ramsaye , pp. 110 – 111 . EXTERNAL
• 48. Ramsaye , p. 129 . EXTERNAL
• 49. Ramsaye , pp. 66 – 69 . EXTERNAL
• 5. Dickson W. K. L. Dickson Antonia , Edison's Invention of the Kineto-Phonograph , int. by Clarke Charles G. , Pueblo Press : Los Angeles , 1939 . EXTERNAL
• 50. Hepworth , p. 7 . EXTERNAL
• 51. Ramsaye , pp. 122 – 123 . EXTERNAL
• 52. Macgowan Kenneth , Behind the Screen: The History and Techniques of the Motion Picture , Delta : New York , 1965 , p. 77 . EXTERNAL
• 53. Pratt George C. , “Firsting the Firsts,” in “Image” on the Art and Evolution of the Film , ed. Deutelbaum Marshall , Dover : New York , 1979 , pp. 20 – 22 . 54. Ceram, p. 146 . EXTERNAL
• 55. Coe , The History of Movie Photography , pp. 75 – 76 . EXTERNAL
• 56. Armat, in Fielding, pp. 17 – 20 . EXTERNAL
• 57. Lumiere , “The Lumiere Cinematographe,” in A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television , ed. Fielding Raymond , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1967 , p. 49 . EXTERNAL
• 58. Izod, p. 4 . EXTERNAL
• 59. Pratt George , “‘No Magic, No Mystery, No Sleight of Hand’: The First Ten Years of Motion Pictures in Rochester,” in “Image” on the Art and Evolution of the Film , ed. Deutelbaum Marshall , Dover : New York , 1979 , pp. 39 – 43 . EXTERNAL
• 60. Izod, p. 3 . EXTERNAL
• 6. Richardson F. H. , “What Happened in the Beginning,” in A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television , ed. Fielding Raymond , University of California Press : Berkeley , 1961 , p. 24 . EXTERNAL
• 61. Izod, p. 9 . EXTERNAL
• 62. Staiger Janet , “Standardization and Independence: The Founding Objectives of the SMPTE,” SMPTE J. , 96 : 534 , June 1987 . EXTERNAL
• 64. Izod, p. 27 . EXTERNAL
• 65. “Motion Picture Standards Adopted in Committee of the Whole Society,” Trans. SMPE , July 16–17, 1917 . EXTERNAL
• 66. Dickson W. K. L. , The Life and Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison , New York : Crowell , 1894 , passim. EXTERNAL
• 67. MacDonnell K. , Eadweard Muybridge: The Man Who Invented the Moving Picture , Weidenfeld and Nicholson , London , 1972 , pp. 113 – 136 . EXTERNAL
• 7. Ramsaye Terry , A Million and One Nights: A History of the Motion Picture Through 1926 , Simon & Schuster : New York , 1926 , pp. 62 – 63 . EXTERNAL
• 8. Rotha Paul , The Film Till Now , Hamlyn House : London , 1967 , p. 68 . EXTERNAL
• 9. Mast Gerald , A Short History of the Movies , 3rd ed. , Bobbs-Merrill : Indianapolis , 1981 , p. 13 . EXTERNAL