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• 1. Among them are: Fink Donald G. , “The Future of High-Definition Television: First Portion of a Report of the SMPTE Study Group on High-Definition Television,” SMPTE J. , February 1980 , pp. 89 – 94 ; Donald G. Fink, “The Future of High-Definition Television: Conclusion of a Report of the SMPTE Study Group on High-Definition Television,” SMPTE J., March 1980, pp. 153–161; Kozo Hayashi, “Research and Development on High-Definition Television in Japan,” SMPTE J., March 1981, pp. 178–186; Kerns H. Powers, “HDTV Standards Considerations for Electronic Cinematography and Post-Production,” SMPTE J., December 1982, pp. 1153–1157; C. P. Sandbank and M. E. B. Moffat, “High-Definition Television and Compatibility with Existing Standards,” SMPTE J., May 1983, pp. 552–561; Tomorrow's Television (Scarsdale, NY: SMPTE, 1982).EXTERNAL
• 10. Ibid.EXTERNAL
• 11. Ives Herbert E. Gray Frank Baldwin M. W. , “Two-Way Television,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , October 1930 , pp. 1563 – 1576 . Reprinted in Shiers (1977).EXTERNAL
• 12. Shiers George , “Television 50 Years Ago,” J. of Broadcasting , 19 Fall 1975 , p. 391 .EXTERNAL
• 13. O'Brien Monroe , “101 Years,” p. 461 ; Phil Sidey et al., “A History of British Television,” SMPTE J., December 1981 , p. 1165.EXTERNAL
• 14. Garratt Mumford , “History of Television,” p. 32 .EXTERNAL
• 15. Jenkins Charles Francis , “Radio Vision,” Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, (1927), p. 964 . Reprinted in Shiers ( 1977 ).EXTERNAL
• 16. Ibid., p. 963 .EXTERNAL
• 17. The table takes a selective view of the more important inventors and devices. There were dozens of experimental systems under development throughout the U.S., Great Britain, and Germany. This table contains information derived from numerous sources, often incomplete and occasionally contradictory. The author welcomes corrections.EXTERNAL
• 18. Zworykin Vladimir K. , “The Early Days: Some Recollections,” Television Quarterly , November 1962 , pp. 69 – 72 .EXTERNAL
• 19. For an excellent overview of Zworykin's career, see Abramson Albert , “Pioneers of Television — Vladimir Kosma Zworykin,” SMPTE J. , July 1981 , pp. 579 – 590 .EXTERNAL
• 2. Benson Blair , “High-Definition Television,” Broadcast Engineering , August 1982 , pp 39 – 46 ; “The Brave New World of HDTV,” Broadcasting, February 1, 1982, pp. 82–86; “High Definition Television,” American Cinematographer, March 1982, pp. 244–248; Marc Wielage, “HDTV: High Definition or Hasty Delusion,” Videopro, December 1982, pp. 35–39.EXTERNAL
• 20. Barnouw Erik , A Tower In Babel ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1966 ), pp. 231 – 234 .EXTERNAL
• 22. In 1931–33, CBS's W2XAB also transmitted on this same 60-line, 20-frame/sec standard. See Fink Donald G. , “Television Broadcasting Practice in America—1927 to 1944,” The J. of the IEEE 92 : III (London, 1945 ) p. 146 . Reprinted in Shiers (1977).EXTERNAL
• 23. The idea of interlacing preceded the RCA work, however, as historians have pointed out, including Joseph H. Udelson in his The Great Television Race: A History of the American Television Industry 1925–1941 ( University, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press , 1982 ), pp. 67 – 68 , 174 – 175 . Udelson describes Ulises A. Sanabria's triple-interlace system (first disclosed in 1929) which used a scanning disk. Regular broadcasts in the Chicago area began on those standards in 1930.EXTERNAL
• 24. O'Brien Monroe , “101 Years,” p. 464 .EXTERNAL
• 25. Information received from Reitan Edwin H. Jr , UCLA Television Archives .EXTERNAL
• 26. This is not to suggest important work was not being done in other countries, as Table 4 partly shows.EXTERNAL
• 27. Sidey , “A History of British Television,” p. 1166 .EXTERNAL
• 28. Fink Donald G. , ed., “Television Standardization in America,” in Television Standards and Practice ( New York , 1943 ), p. 9 . Reprinted in Shiers (1977).EXTERNAL
• 29. Steinberg Cobbett S. , TV Facts ( New York : Facts on File, Inc , 1980 ), p. 142 .EXTERNAL
• 3. Galluzzo Tony , “High-Definition TV: It's Possible, But Where Does It Really Stand Right Now?,” Modern Photography , January 1982 , p. 51 ff.; David Lachenbruch, “You'll be Seeing Things More Clearly,” TV Guide, June 4, 1983, pp. 45–48; “Dramatic Improvement of TV Image in the Offing,” New York Times, January 4, 1983, p. 13.EXTERNAL
• 30. Goldmark Peter C. Hollywood John M. , “A New Technique for Improving the Sharpness of Television Pictures,” J. SMPTE , October 1951 , pp. 382 – 396 .EXTERNAL
• 31. Steinberg , Facts , p. 144 .EXTERNAL
• 4. SMPTE J. , May 1982 , pp. 458 – 459 .EXTERNAL
• 5. Researchers developing electronic and electronic/mechanical scanning systems generally seem to have regarded 240 lines as the minimum requirement of a high-definition picture. See, for example, Zworykin V. K. , “Television,” J. of the Franklin Institute ( Philadelphia ) 217 ( 1934 ): 3. Reprinted in George Shiers, Technical Development of Television (New York: Arno Press, 1977 ).EXTERNAL
• 6. From the “Introduction,” by Mac-Kintosh E. E. B. to the Catalog of the Television Exhibition of 1937 (London, 1937 ). Reprinted in Shiers (1977). At the time, the BBC had been experimentally broadcasting two competing high-definition systems, John Baird's 240-line, mechanical scanning device, and the Electric and Musical Industries' (EMI) 405-line, electronic scanning device.EXTERNAL
• 7. Hogan John V. L. , “The Early Days of Television,” J. of the SMPTE , November 1954 , p. 171 .EXTERNAL
• 8. Garratt G. R. M. Mumford A. H. , “The History of Television,” The Proc. of the IEEE , 99 : III (London, 1952 ), p. 29 . Reprinted in Shiers (1977).EXTERNAL
• 9. Also in 1927, John Baird sent TV images via telephone lines between Glasgow and London. Sec O'Brien Richard S. Monroe Robert B. , “101 Years of Television Technology,” SMPTE J. , July 1976 , p. 462 .EXTERNAL