Understanding Color Memory: A Study of Skin Tone Perception in Hue, Intensity, and Chroma

Metadata

Publisher: SMPTE — White Plains, NY, USA
Doc Type: Conference Paper
Content Type: Original Research
Volume: 2022, No. 10, pp. 1–19
Abstract: Perceptually, one of the strongest memory colors is skin tone. Get it wrong and it's hard to miss. Image adjustments are commonly applied for preference-based image enhancement, and they are applied across a variety of color spaces, so it's important to understand the effects these procedures have on skin tone appearance. In this paper, we present results of a psychovisual experiment that explores the perception of skin tone under changes in hue, chroma, and intensity. Through coupling the effects each axis has on perception of different skin tones, viewer expectations of color appearance can be evaluated. The experimental results convey a low tolerance for changes in hue when altering intensity and chroma and a high tolerance for changes in intensity across all adjustments. When altering intensity, the results present changes in chroma that follow the shape of the ITP gamut hull. There was some variability between skin tones. This speaks to how individual skin tone classification may be helpful to preserve colorimetric appearance following adjustment.
Publication Date: 2022-10-24
DOI: 10.5594/M001977
ISBN: Print: 978-1-61482-963-8
Link: https://doi.org/10.5594/M001977
Author(s): Jake ZuenaDolby Laboratories, Inc.
Jaclyn PytlarzDolby Laboratories, Inc.
Keyword(s): Skin Tone, Hue, Chroma, Intensity, Psychophysical Experiment, Image Processing
Copyright: © 2022 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

Bibliographic Reference(s)

Hitting the Mark—A New Color Difference Metric for HDR and WCG Imagery [Active]
DCI DCSS v1.4.2 [Superseded*]
C. S. McCamy et. al, “A Color-Rendition Chart,” in Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering 2(3), pp. 95-99, Summer 1976. EXTERNAL
N. Tsumura et. al, “Image-Based Skin Color and Texture Analysis/Synthesis by Extracting Hemoglobin and Melanin Information in the Skin,” in ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers (SIGGRAPH '03), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2003, pp. 770– EXTERNAL
T. B. Fitzpatrick, “Soleil et peu,” J. Med. Esthet., 2:33-34, 1975 EXTERNAL
“Emoji Modifier Sequence,” Accessed: Jul. 6, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://emojipedia.org/emoji-modifier-sequence/ EXTERNAL
K. M. Braun, "Memory Color Enhancement Algorithm," in International Congress of Imaging Science, Rochester, NY, May 2006, pp. 227-229. EXTERNAL
C. J. Bartleson, "Memory Colors of Familiar Objects*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50, 73-77 (1960) EXTERNAL
M. Safdar, G. Cui, Y. Kim, and M. Luo, "Perceptually uniform color space for image signals including high dynamic range and wide gamut," Opt. Express 25, 15131-15151 (2017). EXTERNAL
T. Smith and J. Guild, “The C.I.E. colorimetric standards and their use,” Transactions of the Optical Society, 33(3): 73-134, Jan. 1932 EXTERNAL
P. Siple and R. M. Springer, “Memory and Preference for the Colors of Objects,” Perception & Psychophysics, 34(4):363-370, Oct. 1983 EXTERNAL
M. Del Barco, “How Kodak’s Shirley Cards Set Photography’s Skin-Tone Standard,” Accessed: Sep. 13, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.npr.org/2014/11/13/363517842/for-decades-kodak-s-shirley-cards-set-photography-s-skin-tone-standard EXTERNAL
“Skin Tone Research @ Google AI,” Accessed: Jul. 6, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://skintone.google/ EXTERNAL
"IEC 61966-2-1:1999". IEC Webstore. International Electrotechnical Commission. Retrieved 3 March 2017. EXTERNAL
M. D. Fairchild, “Color Appearance Phenomena,” in Color Appearance Models, 2nd ed., M. A. Kriss, Ed. Sussex: Wiley, 2005, pp. 119-122 EXTERNAL
G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard and S. Creem, "Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation," IEEE Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002., 2002, pp. 299-306, DOI: 10.1109/VISUAL.2002.1183788. EXTERNAL
R. He et al, “Assessing skin tone heterogeneity under various light sources,” in Proceedings of IS&T London Imaging Meeting, London Imaging Meeting 2020 Future Colour Imaging, 29 Sep - 01 Oct 2020, London, England. Society for Imaging Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118X.2020.LIM-15 EXTERNAL
J. L. Hintze and R. D. Nelson, “Violin Plots: A Box Plot-Density Trace Synergism,” in The American Statistician, 52:2, pp. 181-184, 1998, DOI: 10.1080/00031305.1998.10480559 EXTERNAL
P. Bodrogi and T. Tarczali, “Colour Memory for Various Sky, Skin, and Plant Colours: Effect of the Image Context,” in Color Res. Appl., 26: pp. 278-289, May 2001, https://doi.org/10.1002/col.1034 EXTERNAL
ITU-R BT.2100-2 [Active]
R-REC-BT.2124-0 — International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunication (ITU-R), Recommendation BT.2124-0, “Objective Metric for the Assessment of the Potential Visibility of Colour Differences in Television,” Jan. 2019. EXTERNAL
SMPTE ST 2084:2014 [Active, Stabilized]

Source Data (JSON)

Full registry record with provenance metadata. Open directly: /api/doc/10.5594-M001977.json

Reference Tree

Explore all references and references to this document, as a navigable tree.

Open Reference Tree

Reference this Doc

Plain text (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:

Jake Zuena and Jaclyn Pytlarz; Understanding Color Memory: A Study of Skin Tone Perception in Hue, Intensity, and Chroma, SMPTE Meetings and Conferences ( October 2022); SMPTE, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-61482-963-8. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/M001977

Snippet:

Jake Zuena and Jaclyn Pytlarz; Understanding Color Memory: A Study of Skin Tone Perception in Hue, Intensity, and Chroma, SMPTE Meetings and Conferences ( October 2022); SMPTE, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-61482-963-8. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/M001977

HTML (ISO 690 compliant)

Preview:

Snippet:

<span class="citation">Jake Zuena and Jaclyn Pytlarz; <cite>Understanding Color Memory: A Study of Skin Tone Perception in Hue, Intensity, and Chroma</cite>, SMPTE Meetings and Conferences ( October 2022); SMPTE, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-61482-963-8. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/M001977" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/M001977</a></span>

SMPTE's HTML Pub

Preview:

Snippet:

<li>
Jake Zuena and Jaclyn Pytlarz; <cite id="bib-10-5594-m001977">Understanding Color Memory: A Study of Skin Tone Perception in Hue, Intensity, and Chroma</cite>, SMPTE Meetings and Conferences ( October 2022); SMPTE, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-61482-963-8
<span class="doi">10.5594/M001977</span>
</li>