Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC
Metadata
- Publisher
- SMPTE
- Doc Type
- Journal Article
- Content Type
- Original Research
- Abbreviated Title
- SMPTE Motion Imaging Jour.
- Volume
- 133, No. 1, pp. 22–30
- Abstract
- Over the past decade, video consumption applications have surged, reaching new heights with the metaverse's emergence. This expansion burdens networks, data centers, and devices due to increased data volume and processing, leading to substantial energy consumption and high CO 2 emissions annually. Priority should be given to developing lightweight video compression algorithms to tackle this. Current standards fall short of achieving the desired efficiency. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of Motion Estimation (ME) in leading metaverse video compression algorithms, VP9 and HEVC. Using Matlab, an exhaustive evaluation focuses on ME, allowing an objective comparison and integrates novel sustainability assessments. The findings highlight areas for future video compression improvements, paving the way for sustainable and optimized video storage and transmission in the metaverse.
- Publication Date
- 2024-01-01
- DOI
10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405- ISSN
- Print:
1545-0279| Electronic:2160-2492 - Link
- https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
- Author(s)
- Natalia Molinero Mingorance
- Keyword(s)
- HEVC, Metaverse, Compression, Sustainability, VP9
- Copyright
- © 2024 SMPTE
Bibliographic Reference(s)
- M. Uitto, “Energy consumption evaluation of H.264 and HEVC video encoders in high-resolution live streaming,” Proc. 2076 IEEE 72th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), pp. 1–7, New York, NY, 2016, doi: 10.1109/WiMOB.2016.7763234. EXTERNAL
- Dan Grois, Detlev Marpe, Tung Nguyen, Ofer Hadar, “Comparative Assessment of H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9, and H.264/MPEG-AVC Encoders for Low-delay Video Applications,” Proc. SPIE 9217, Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXVII, 92170Q, 23 Sep. 2014; [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2073323. EXTERNAL
- R. Monnier, K. Jerbi, and M. Uitto, “Specification of Power Efficient Encoder-Transcoder,” Sep. 2017. Accessed Dec. 23, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://convince.wp.imtbs-tsp.eu/files/2017/09/CONVINcE-D2.2.2-Updated-specification-of-power-efficient-encoder-V1.01.pdf. EXTERNAL
- A. Katsenou, J. Mao, and I. Mavromatis, “Energy-Rate-Quality Tradeoffs of State-of-the-Art Video Codecs,” Electr. Eng. and Syst. Sci., Image and Video Processing, Oct. 2022. EXTERNAL
- T. Laude, Y. G. Adhisantoso, J. Voges, M. Munderloh, and J. Ostermann, “A Comprehensive Video Codec Comparison,” APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, Vol. 8, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1017/atsip.2019.23. EXTERNAL
- J.-R. Ohm, G. J. Sullivan, H. Schwarz, T. K. Tan, and T. Wiegand, “Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards-Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC),” IEEE Trans. on Circ. and Syst. for Vid. Tech. 22 (12):1669–1684, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2221192. EXTERNAL
- A. M. Joshi, M. S. Ansari and C. Sahu, “VLSI Architecture of High Speed SAD for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Encoder,” Proc. 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, pp. 1–4, Italy, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2018.8351271. EXTERNAL
- J. Hunt and A. Design, “VP9 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification,” Mar. 2016. Accessed: Nov. 15, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://storage.googleapis.com/downloads.webmproject.org/docs/vp9/vp9-bitstream-specification-v0.6-20160331-draft.pdf. EXTERNAL
- Mathworks, “Run code and measure execution time to improve performance - MATLAB - MathWorks España,” mathworks.com. Accessed Jan. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/profiler-app.html. EXTERNAL
- G. S. Foundation, “Software Carbon Intensity Standard,” GitHub, Nov. 01, 2021. Accessed Dec. 16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/Green-Software-Foundation/sci. EXTERNAL
- “Greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation - European Environment Agency,” Jan. 26, 2023, www.eea.europa.eu. Accessed Dec. 20, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/co2-emission-intensity-12#tab-googlechartid_chart_11. EXTERNAL
- Metaverse of Things, “Metaverse Users Worldwide - Metaverse Statistics to Prepare for the Future,” April. 1, 2023. Accessed June 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://metaverseofthing.com/metaverse/metaverse-users-worldwide/. EXTERNAL
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator.” www.epa.gov, Aug. 28, 2015. Accessed July 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator#results. EXTERNAL
- Meta, “2021 Sustainability report.” Accessed Jan. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://sustainability.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Meta-2021-Sustainability-Report.pdf. EXTERNAL
- N. Molinero, “Harmony Valley - Research Project Resources, [Online]. Available: https://linktr.ee/harmonyvalley. EXTERNAL
Source Data (JSON)
Full registry record with provenance metadata. Open directly: /api/doc/10.5594-JMI.2024-EBVF7405.json
Reference Tree
Explore all references and references to this document, as a navigable tree.
Open Reference TreeReference this Doc
Plain text (ISO 690 compliant)
Preview:
Natalia Molinero Mingorance; Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
Snippet:
Natalia Molinero Mingorance; Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
HTML (ISO 690 compliant)
Preview:
Natalia Molinero Mingorance; Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024. Available at https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
Snippet:
<span class="citation">Natalia Molinero Mingorance; <cite>Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC</cite>, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024. Available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405</a></span>
SMPTE's HTML Pub
Preview:
Natalia Molinero Mingorance; Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024
doi: 10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
doi: 10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
url: https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405
Snippet:
<li> Natalia Molinero Mingorance; <cite id="bib-10-5594-jmi-2024-ebvf7405">Green Video Compression for Metaverse: Lessons Learned from VP9 and HEVC</cite>, MIJ 2024, Volume 133, Number 1 (pp. 22 to 30); SMPTE, 2024 <span class="doi">10.5594/JMI.2024/EBVF7405</span> </li>