Pioneering in the Talking Picture

Bibliographic Reference(s)

• 1. Cassell and Co : “Encyclopedia of Photography.” 14th ed., 1914 , p. 166 . EXTERNAL
• 10. “L'Industrie du Film Parlant,” Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers (Feb. 17, 1929 ). (Contains a résumé covering the Gaumont and the Gaumont-Peterson-Poulson sound systems.). EXTERNAL
• 11. La Cinemat. Franc. (May 27, 1933 ), No. 760, p. 25 . EXTERNAL
• 12. Brit. Pat. No. 22,563; No. 22,564; No. 22,565. EXTERNAL
• 13. Franklin H. B. : “Sound Motion Pictures,” Doubleday, Doran & Co. ( New York ), 1929 , p. 5 . EXTERNAL
• 14. Brit. Pat. No. 10,543 (May 4, 1909 ). EXTERNAL
• 15. Brit. Pat. No. 10,417 (April 28, 1910 ); No. 10,779 (May 2, 1910). EXTERNAL
• 16. Hopwood Foster : “Living Pictures,” Hatton Press ( London ), 1915 , p. 274 . EXTERNAL
• 17. Hulfish D. S. : “Cyclopedia of Motion Picture Work,” Amer. Tech. Soc. , I ( 1914 ), p. 241 . (Containing technical details of magnetic and escapement synchronizing devices.). EXTERNAL
• 18. U. S. Pat.: “Method and Means for Localizing Sound Reproduction,'’ No. 1,124,580 (Jan. 12, 1915 ). U. S. Pat.: “Combined Phonograph and Motion Picture Apparatus for Reproducing Indexed Synchronous Records,” No. 1,162,433 (Nov. 20, 1915). EXTERNAL
• 19. U. S. Pat.: “Balanced Electrical Transmitter,” No. 1,176,725 (May 21, 1916 ). U. S. Pat.: “Means for Reproducing Vibrations,” No. 1,221,408 (April 3, 1917). EXTERNAL
• 2 . Hopwood H. V. : “Living Pictures,” Optician & Photographic Trades Review (London) , 1899 , p. 62 . EXTERNAL
• 20. U. S. Pat.: “Apparatus for Preparing Combined Cinematographic and Phonographic Records,” No. 1,204,091 (Nov. 7, 1916 ). EXTERNAL
• 21. U. S. Pat.: “Automatically Synchronizing Entertainment Devices,” No. 1,234,127 (July 4, 1917 ). EXTERNAL
• Bristol W. H. : “An Electrical Synchronizing and Resynchronizing System for Sound Motion Picture Apparatus,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Eng. , XII ( 1928 ), No. 35 , p. 778 . EXTERNAL
• 22. Brit. Pat. No. 18,057 (Feb. 11, 1907 ). EXTERNAL
• 23. Crawford M. : “Pioneer Experiments of Eugene A. Lauste in Recording Sound,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XVII (Oct., 1931 ), No. 4 , p. 632 . EXTERNAL
• 24. “Talking Pictures,” Photo-Era , XXIII (Dec., 1909 ). EXTERNAL
• 25. Photo-Era , XXIII (Nov., 1909 ), p. 228 . EXTERNAL
• 26. “Talking Films,” Sydney (Australia) Morning Herald (Aug. 26, 1929 ). EXTERNAL
• 27. U. S. Pat.: No. 1,309,181 (another patent relating to a photosensitive substance was granted Sept. 16, 1919 ). EXTERNAL
• 28. U. S. Pat.: “New Compound Showing a Variable Resistance under the Influence of Light,” No. 1,316,220. EXTERNAL
• 3. Demeny G : “Les Photographies Parlantes” (phonoscope), La Nature , 1892 Part I, p. 311 . EXTERNAL
• 29. Dysart P. M. : Description of the use of the glow-lamp in an article in “School Science and Mathematics,” Smith & Turton ( Mt. Morris, Ill. ), XIV (Jan., 1914 ), No. 1 , p. 36 . EXTERNAL
• 30. Case T. W. : “Thalofide Cell, a New Photoelectric Substance,” Phys. Rev. , 15 (April, 1920 ), p. 298 . EXTERNAL
• 31. “New Advances Made in Talking Movies,” Yale Sci. Mag. (May, 1927 ). EXTERNAL
• 32. “Thalofide Cell,” Bull. No. 4, Case Research Laboratories , 1921 . EXTERNAL
• 33. Tykocinski-Tykociner J. : “Photographic Recording and Photoelectric Reproduction of Sound,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , VII ( 1923 ), No. 16 , p. 90 . EXTERNAL
• 34. Notable de Forest patents: U. S. Pat. No. 1,482,246 (filed Sept. 18, 1919 ; issued March 11, 1924). U. S. Pat. No. 1,482,119 (filed Sept. 18, 1919; issued Jan. 29, 1924). EXTERNAL
• 35. Mills J. : “Signals and Speech in Electrical Communication,” Harcourt, Brace & Co. ( New York ), 1934 , p. 166 . EXTERNAL
• 36 . de Forest L. : “The Phonofilm” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , VII ( 1923 ), No. 16 , p. 61 . EXTERNAL
• 37 . de Forest L. : “Phonofilm Progress,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , VIII ( 1924 ), No. 20 , p. 17 . EXTERNAL
• 38 . de Forest L. : “Recent Developments in the Phonofilm,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , X ( 1926 ), No. 27 , p. 64 . EXTERNAL
• 4. Dickson W. K. L. : “A Brief History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope, and Kinetophonograph,” J. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XXI (Dec., 1933 ), No. 6 , p. 435 . EXTERNAL
• 39. Film Daily Year Book , 11th ed. ( 1929 ), p. 253 . EXTERNAL
• 40. Ibid. , p. 198 . EXTERNAL
• 41. Ibid. p. 561 . EXTERNAL
• 42. Marvin H. B. : A System of Motion Pictures with Sound,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XII ( 1928 ), No. 33 , p. 86 . EXTERNAL
• 43. Brit. Pat. No. 288,225, granted to Siemens & Halske (Convention date, April 9, 1927); published in Illustrated Official Journal—Patents, May 31, 1928 , p. 2114; granted Jan. 10, 1929. EXTERNAL
• 44. Rühmer was later associated with Lauste. Other patents were: D. R. P. No. 387,058 (May 23, 1920 ). D. R. P. No. 368,383 (April 15, 1921); U. S. Pat. No. 1,825,598. American Court of Customs and Patent Appeals rendered decision No. 2749, May 25, 1931, regarding priority on the similar de Forest patents. EXTERNAL
• 45. Massole in 1930 invented a portable Tobis sound apparatus. EXTERNAL
• 46. Film Daily Year Book, 12th ed. ( 1930 ), p. 873 . EXTERNAL
• 47 . Engl J. B. : “A New Process for Developing and Printing Photographic Sound Records,” Trans. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng. , XI ( 1927 ), No. 30 , p. 257 . EXTERNAL
• 48. Teuke K. : “Story of Sound-Film,” Kinotechnik , 12 (Feb. 5, 1930 ), p. 65 . EXTERNAL
• 5. Seibt G. (Ruhmer's associate): D. R. P. No. 418,051; March 11, 1919 . EXTERNAL
• 49. “Ries Sound-Film Patents,” Mot. Pict. News , 42 (July 5, 1930 ), p. 21 . EXTERNAL
• 50. Crawford M. : “Evolution of Sound Pictures,” Bull Internat. Phot. , (March, 1930 ). EXTERNAL
• 51. Hulfish D. S. : “When the Movies First Tried to Talk,” Examiners Herald World (Aug. 30, 1930 ), p. 33 . EXTERNAL
• 52. Green F. : “The Film Finds Its Tongue,” G. P. Putnam's Sons ( New York ), 1929 . EXTERNAL
• 53. Pitkin Marston L. : “The Art of Sound Pictures,” D. Appleton & Co. ( New York ), 1930 . EXTERNAL
• 6. Phys. Zeit. (May 6, 1901 ), No. 34, p. 498 . EXTERNAL
• 7. Booklet (received by author Dec., 1933 ): Gaumont, L.: “Etablissments Gaumont, 1895–1929,” Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1936. EXTERNAL
• 8. Bull. Soc. Franç. de Phot. (2nd Series), XVIII (Nov. 7, 1902 ), No. 22 , p. 500 . EXTERNAL
• 9. Ibid. (3rd Series), II (Feb. 17, 1911 ), No. 3 , pp. 96 and 111 . EXTERNAL