A Unified Approach to the Performance of Photographic Film, Television Pickup Tubes, and the Human Eye

Bibliographic Reference(s)

• 1 Romer W. Selwyn E. N : “An Instrument for the Measurement of Graininess,” Phot. Jour. , 83 , ( 1943 ), p. 17 . EXTERNAL
• 10 Raudenbusch H. : “Measurements of Graininess and Resolution of Photographic Film,” Phys. Zeits. , 42 , 15/16 (Aug. 1941 ), p. 208 . EXTERNAL
• 11 Silberstein L. Trivelli A. : “Quantum Theory of Exposure Tested Extensively on Photographic Emulsions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 35 , 2 (Feb. 1945 ), p. 93 . (The writers of this paper avoid emphasizing the physical implications of their analysis. At the same time they do interpret their results to show that the intrinsic sensitivity of film is increased by longer development times. So far as other measurements have shown that the increase in speed resulting from long development time is paralleled by an increase in graininess, the present paper would argue that the intrinsic sensitivity is unchanged but that the developed grains are made larger by longer development time.). EXTERNAL
• 12 Connor J. P. Ganoung R. E. : “An Experimental Determination of Visual Thresholds at Low Values of Illumination,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 25 , 9 (Sept. 1935 ), p. 287; Cobb, P. W., and Moss, F. K., “The Four Variables of Visual Threshold,” J. Frank. Inst. , 205, 6 (June 1928), p. 831. EXTERNAL
• 13 References to number of quanta used by the eye for a threshold sensation: 1 quantum— DeVries H. : “The Quantum Character of Light and Its Bearing on Threshold of Vision, Differential Sensitivity and Visual Acuity of the Eye,” Physica , 10 , 7 (July 1943 ), p. 553 . 2 quanta—van der Veldon, H. A.: “The Number of Quanta Necessary for a Light Sensation for the Human Eye,” Physica , 11, 3 (Mar. 1944), p. 179. 4 quanta—Hecht, S.: “Quantum Relations of Vision,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 32, 1 (Jan. 1942), p. 42. 25 to 50 quanta—Brumberg, E. M., Vavilov, S. I., and Sverdlov, Z. M.: “Visual Measurements of Quantum Fluctuations,” J. Phys. (Russian), 7, 1 (1943), p. 1. EXTERNAL
• 14 Jones L. A. Higgins G. C. : “Photographic Granularity and Graininess,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 36 , 4 (Apr. 1946 ), p. 203 . EXTERNAL
• 15 Lowry E. M. : “An Instrument for the Measurement of Graininess of Photographic Materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 26 , 1 (Jan. 1936 ), p. 65 . EXTERNAL
• 16 Luckiesh M. Taylor A. H. : “A Summary of Researches in Seeing at Low Brightness Levels,” Illum. Eng. , 38 , 4 (Apr. 1943 ), p. 189 . EXTERNAL
• 2 Rose A. : “The Relative Sensitivities of Television Pickup Tubes, Photographic Film and the Human Eye,” Proc. I.R.E. , 30 , 6 (June 1942 ), p. 295 . EXTERNAL
• 3 DeVore H. B. Iams H. A. : “Some Factors Affecting the Choice of Lenses for Television Cameras,” Proc. I.R.E. , 28 , 8 (Aug. 1940 ), p. 369 . EXTERNAL
• 4 Farnsworth P. T. : “Television by Electron Image Scanning,” Jour. Frank. Inst. , 218 , 4 (Oct. 1934 ), p. 411 . EXTERNAL
• 5 Zworykin V. K. Morton G. A. Flory L. E. : “Theory and Performance of the Iconoscope,” Proc. I.R.E. , 25 , 8 (Aug. 1937 ), p. 1071 . EXTERNAL
• 6 Rose A. Iams H. A. : “The Orthicon, a Television Pickup Tube,” RCA Rev. , 4 , 2 (Oct. 1939 ), p. 186 . EXTERNAL
• 7 Rose A. Weimer P. K. Law H. B. : “The Image Orthicon, A Sensitive Television Pickup Tube,” Proc. I.R.E. , 34 , 7 (July 1946 ), p. 424 . EXTERNAL
• 8 For summary of literature, see: Jones L. A. Higgins G. C. : “The Relationship Between the Granularity and Graininess of Developed Photographic Materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 35 , 7 (July 1945 ), p. 435 . EXTERNAL
• 9 van Krevald A. Scheffer J. C. : “Graininess of Photographic Material in Objective and Absolute Measure,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 27 , 3 (Mar. 1937 ), p. 100 . EXTERNAL