{ "$schema": "/api/schemas/documents.schema.json", "apiVersion": "1.0.0", "generatedAt": "2026-07-09T21:16:49.031Z", "sourcePath": "src/main/data/docs", "docId": "10.5594-M001453", "document": { "abstract": "We present a method for semi-automatically converting unconstrained 2D images and video content into stereoscopic 3D. The user is presented with the image to convert, and brushes user-defined depth strokes in certain areas. These correspond to a rough estimate of the scene depths within these points. After, the rest of the depths are solved using this information, producing a depth map to create stereoscopic 3D content. For video, the user chooses several keyframes for brushing, and the depths for the entire video are found in a volumetric basis. Additionally for video, the user has the option of minimizing effort by employing a robust tracking algorithm, where the first frame only needs to be labeled. After, the labels are propagated throughout the entire video, ultimately increasing accuracy with more frames labeled. Our work combines the merits of two energy minimization techniques: Graph Cuts and Random Walks. The former respects boundaries, but does not have suitable depth diffusion, making the scene look like “cardboard cutouts”. The latter has good depth diffusion, but object boundaries are blurred. Therefore, combining the merits of both will lead to a higher quality result. Current efforts rely on automatic or manual conversion by rotoscopers. The former prohibits user intervention, while the latter is time consuming, prohibiting use in smaller studios. Semi-automatic is a compromise to allow for more faster and accurate conversion, decreasing the time for studios to release 3D content. The results shown in this paper generate good quality stereoscopic depth maps with minimal effort required.", "abstract$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "authors": [ { "affiliation": "Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada", "name": "Raymond Phan" }, { "affiliation": "Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada", "name": "Richard Rzeszutek" }, { "affiliation": "Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada", "name": "Dimitrios Androutsos" } ], "authors$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Object form (schema 2.3.0) migrated from string form via migrateAuthorsToObjectForm.js; bio/affiliation backfilled from _source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ NLM ++", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-06-23T00:04:25.562Z", "version": "authors-migrate-object-form@v1" }, "contentType": "orig-research", "contentType$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Canonical-confirmed full paper (summary-abstract set is orig-research in the SMPTE canonical repos); HIGHWIRE-era abstract label was a delivery artifact", "originalValue": "summary-abstract", "source": "resolved", "updated": "2026-07-09T19:12:47.628Z", "version": "contenttype-fixes@v1" }, "copyright": { "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.", "holder$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "year": "2012", "year$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" } }, "copyright$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "docId": "10.5594-M001453", "docId$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Derived from DOI 10.5594/M001453", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "docLabel": "SMPTE Meetings and Conferences ( October 2012)", "docLabel$meta": { "confidence": "medium", "note": "Composed from venue title, volume/issue and date", "source": "inferred", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "docTitle": "Unconstrained 2D to Stereoscopic 3D Image and Video Conversion using Semi-Automatic Energy Minimization Techniques", "docTitle$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "docType": "Conference Paper", "docType$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "NLM
— SMPTE conference paper", "source": "inferred", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "doi": "10.5594/M001453", "doi$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/M001453", "href$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Constructed from DOI 10.5594/M001453", "source": "inferred", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "keywords": [ "Stereoscopic" ], "keywords$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Backfilled from SMPTE canonical repository index_terms, mapped through controlledKeywords + curated synonym folds (keywordVocabDecisions.json) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)", "originalValue": null, "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-07-08T23:52:57.741Z", "version": "smpte-canonical-repo@v1" }, "number": "10", "number$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "pages": "1–12", "pages$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "publicationDate": "2012-10-01", "publicationDate$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Day absent in NLM source — padded to 01", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "publisher": "SMPTE", "publisher$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Normalised to registry \"SMPTE\" convention from NLM publisher-name (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers)", "source": "inferred", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "publisherLocation": { "city": "White Plains, NY", "city$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" } }, "publisherLocation$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" }, "references": { "bibliographic": [ "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr1-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr2-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr3-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr4-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr5-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr6-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr7-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr8-10.5594_M001453", "orphan/10.5594-M001453/bibr9-10.5594_M001453" ], "bibliographic$meta": { "confidence": "medium", "note": "Extracted from NLM via extractSmpteConferenceRefs.js (precheck-reuse)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-07-06T20:02:43.384Z" } }, "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/conferences/The%202012%20Annual%20Technical%20Conference%20&%20Exhibition/24/", "resolvedHref$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Backfilled from url.validate report #resolvedHref", "originalValue": null, "source": "resolved", "updated": "2026-06-19T20:59:07.438Z" }, "status": { "active": true, "active$meta": { "confidence": "medium", "note": "No explicit status in NLM source — conference papers default active", "source": "inferred", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" } }, "volume": "2012", "volume$meta": { "confidence": "high", "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ORIGINAL SAMPLES/Conferences/smptem_2012_10/10.5594_M001453.xml)", "source": "parsed", "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z", "version": "smpte-conference-paper-nlm@v1" } } }