{
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  "docId": "10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499",
  "document": {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag. J",
    "abbrevTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "abstract": "One of the biggest challenges in modern-era media delivery systems is the fragmentation of the population of receiving devices in terms of codec capabilities. For example, modern Apple devices can decode and seamlessly switch between H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and high efficiency video encoding (HEVC) streams. Most new TVs or set-top boxes can also decode HEVC, but they cannot switch between HEVC and H.264/AVC streams in the same streaming session. And there are still plenty of older devices/streaming clients that can only receive and decode H.264/AVC streams. With the arrival of next-generation codecs, such as AV1 and Versatile Video Coding (VVC), the fragmentation of codec support across devices becomes even more complex. This situation prompts the question—how can we serve such a population of devices most efficiently by using codecs delivering the best performance in all cases yet producing the minimum possible number of streams such that the overall cost of media delivery is minimal? In this article, we explain how this problem can be formalized and solved at the stage of dynamic generation of encoding profiles for adaptive bitrate (ABR) streaming. The proposed solution effectively generalizes the per-title or context-aware encoding (CAE) class of techniques, considering multiple sets of renditions generated using each codec and codec usage distributions by the population of the receiving devices. We also discuss additional system-level means (proper manifest generation, HLS and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) quality annotations, device detection, and edge logic) needed to make the proposed solution practically deployable.",
    "abstract$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "authors": [
      {
        "bio": "Yuriy A. Reznik is a technology fellow and the vice president of research at Brightcove Inc., Boston, MA. Previously, he held engineering and management positions with InterDigital, San Diego, CA, from 2011 to 2016; Qualcomm, San Diego, CA, from 2005 to 2011; and RealNetworks, Seattle, WA, from 1998 to 2005. In 2008, he was a visiting scholar at Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Since 2001, he has been involved in the work of ITU-T SG16 and MPEG standards committees and made contributions to several multimedia coding and delivery standards, including ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC), MPEG-4 ALS, ITU-T G.718, ITU-T H.265/MPEG-HEVC, and MPEG-Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). Several technologies, standards, and products that he has helped to develop (RealAudio/RealVideo, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, Zencoder, Brightcove CAE, and MPEG-DASH) have been recognized by the NATAS Technology and Engineering Emmy Awards. He received a PhD degree in computer science from Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and the SPIE, and a Member of the ACM, AES, and SMPTE. He is a coauthor of over 150 conference papers and journal articles, and a coinventor of over 70 granted U.S. patents.",
        "name": "Yuriy A. Reznik"
      }
    ],
    "authors$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "contentType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "SMPTE",
      "holder$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "year": "2023",
      "year$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      }
    },
    "copyright$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499",
    "docId$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 132, Issue: 4, May 2023)",
    "docLabel$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docTitle": "Toward Efficient Multicodec Streaming",
    "docTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "docType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "doi": "10.5594/JMI.2023.3263499",
    "doi$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2023.3263499",
    "href$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "issn": {
      "electronic": "2160-2492",
      "electronic$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "print": "1545-0279",
      "print$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      }
    },
    "issn$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalAcronym$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal",
    "journalTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "keywords": [
      "Adaptive Bitrate Streaming",
      "Multicodec Streaming",
      "HLS",
      "DASH",
      "H.264",
      "HEVC",
      "AV1"
    ],
    "keywords$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "number": "4",
    "number$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "pages": "16–25",
    "pages$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "publicationDate": "2023-05-01",
    "publicationDate$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisher$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "city$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "country": "USA",
      "country$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      }
    },
    "publisherLocation$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "references": {
      "bibliographic": [
        "ISO.14496-10.2003",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:68bc3bc8",
        "ISO.23008-2.2013",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:778011d8",
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        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:ce5b8944",
        "10.5594-JMI.2021.3065442",
        "ISO.23090-3.2021",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:8ee725b2",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:3473bd0c",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:b6235af1",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:731447b9",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:c7d0ac18",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:79869783",
        "10.5594-JMI.2020.2973561",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:ae4f967b",
        "ISO.23009-1.2019",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:f0fe9eb5",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:db65e3ca",
        "CTA.5001-A",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:6188695a",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:8ecdd6b6",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:78009b99",
        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:afcaf8fc",
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        "orphan/10.5594-JMI.2023.3263499/h:946d1040"
      ],
      "bibliographic$meta": {
        "confidence": "medium",
        "note": "References parsed from the published PDF (Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.pdf). SMPTE's library delivery has no reference file or full text for this paper (src/main/reports/smpte-upstream/referenceFilesTruthTable.md). Cross-check: Crossref lists 27 reference(s) for this DOI; 27 parsed from the PDF.",
        "originalValue": [],
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        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T20:50:36.720Z",
        "version": "extractDocs.js@commit:d25f34130540"
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      "active": true,
      "active$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      }
    },
    "volume": "132",
    "volume$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2023/7261654/10122900/10122901.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    }
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}