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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag. J",
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    "abstract": "Frame interpolation is the process of synthesizing a new frame in between the existing frames in an image sequence. It has emerged as a key algorithmic module in motion picture effects since its large scale use in the making of the movie “The Matrix.” This paper presents a review and a new unified view of the classical algorithms used to create in-between frames, representing most of the past 20 years of their evolution. This is used to benchmark the recent deep learning algorithms against two of the best industrial retimers available. A significantly expanded data set of 140,000 frames is used for testing. In the context of highresolution material, we find that techniques relying principally on deep neural networks (DNNs) do not clearly outperform the classical ideas. It is only with the emergence of hybrid approaches in 2019 that we see DNNs adding significantly to the performance in this space. Despite the hype surrounding DNNs, we find that there is still more work to be done.",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "bio": "Anil Kokaram graduated from the Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K., in 1993, with a PhD in signal processing. He is now a professor at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. He was the lead of the Media Algorithms Team at YouTube/Google from 2011-2017. Before that, he founded a media dsp group at Trinity (www.sigmedia.tv,) working in the broad areas of DSP for video processing, Bayesian inference, and motion estimation. He has published more than 200 peer-reviewed papers in these areas. He is a former associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Video Technology and IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. He founded the company GreenParrotPictures, which produced video enhancement software and was acquired by Google in 2011. In 2007, he was honored with a Science and Engineering Academy Award from the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his work in video processing for post-production applications.",
        "name": "Anil Kokaram"
      },
      {
        "bio": "Davinder Singh graduated as a computer engineer from the School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, in 2019. After a year-long stint as an intern with the Sigmedia group, he is now a software developer working in Dublin.",
        "name": "Davinder Singh"
      },
      {
        "bio": "Simon Robinson is the co-founder of Foundry, London, U.K. (www.thefoundry.co.uk). He began his career at IBM Research in New York after receiving a BA (Hons.) in engineering and computing from Cambridge University, U.K. He subsequently worked in technology development at companies including Digital Pictures, Rushes, Framestore, and MPC, before launching Foundry in 1996. He continues to play a key role in the company’s direction and development. He received a Technical Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2007.",
        "name": "Simon Robinson"
      }
    ],
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      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "contentType": "orig-research",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2021/7261654/9424050/09424053.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
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      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "copyright": {
      "holder": "SMPTE",
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        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2021/7261654/9424050/09424053.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
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        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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      "year": "2021",
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    "docId": "10.5594-JMI.2021.3067960",
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 130, Issue: 4, May 2021)",
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    "docTitle": "Moving Image Frame Interpolation: Neural Networks and Classical Toolsets Compared",
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    "doi": "10.5594/JMI.2021.3067960",
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    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2021.3067960",
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    "issn": {
      "electronic": "2160-2492",
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      "print": "1545-0279",
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    "issn$meta": {
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal",
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    "keywords": [
      "Frame Interpolation",
      "Compression",
      "Optic Flow",
      "Retiming"
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    "keywords$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2021/7261654/9424050/09424053.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
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    "number": "4",
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    "pages": "1–11",
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    "publicationDate": "2021-05-01",
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    "references": {
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