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  "docId": "10.5594-JMI.2020.2979652",
  "document": {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag. J",
    "abbrevTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "abstract": "As the SMPTE ST 2059 standards for accurate synchronization and time labeling gain traction, it is important for users and system integrators alike to understand how time transfer, using the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), could be affected by unintentional malfunctioning or misconfigured devices as well as by malicious attacks. Given the mission-critical nature of broadcast infrastructure, secured time distribution is rapidly becoming a mandatory requirement. Although ST 2059-2 defines a PTP profile, it does not address how to secure all parts that define the timing system. The IEEE 1588 standard provides a certain level of fault tolerance by autonomously activating an auxiliary reference in the case of loss of the primary time source. Yet, PTP time transfer is not sufficiently well protected to either withstand deliberate attacks or cope with misconfigured or malfunctioning devices. Consequently, both scenarios must be investigated in detail. This entails a thorough analysis of all the relevant attacks on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to misaligned message rates or corrupted messages, to name but a few. This article addresses ways to secure different components of the timing system, ranging from the Master clock(s) across the IP network and finally to the media nodes generating or receiving ST 2110 flows. Beyond securing the timing system, special care should be taken to immediately identify potentially harmful degradations and/or failures using multiple approaches that provide efficient means to correlate events. This is covered by a series of recommendations and best practices to ensure operational stability.",
    "abstract$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "authors": [
      {
        "bio": "Thomas Kernen is a staff architect at Mellanox Technologies Ltd., Yokneam, Israel. His main area of focus is defining architectures for transforming the broadcast industry to an all-IP infrastructure. He serves as the co-chair of SMPTE’s 32NF committee and is a member of the IEEE Communications and Broadcast Societies. Kernen has served for seven years as the editor of the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) for the TS 101 154 “Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream,” supported by millions of digital receivers worldwide. Additionally, he has authored more than 20 publications in leading journals, holds six patents that cover both network and video coding optimizations for media transport and delivery. Kernen is a frequent speaker at leading events such as the SMPTE Annual Technical Conference, National Association Broadcasters, IBC, and European Broadcasting Union Network Technology Seminar. Prior to joining Mellanox, Kernen spent more than 20 years in the IP industry, including driving Cisco’s entry into live media production, cofounding internet service providers, telecom carriers, and architecting fiber to the home networks.",
        "name": "Thomas Kernen",
        "orcid": "0000-0002-7274-2148"
      },
      {
        "bio": "Nikolaus Kerö received a master’s degree in communication engineering with distinction from the Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria. After graduating, he led the ASIC Design Division at the same university’s Institute of Industrial Electronics, successfully managing numerous research projects and industry collaborations. His research activities centered on distributed systems design, especially highly accurate and fault-tolerant clock synchronization. In 2001, he co-founded Oregano Systems Design & Consulting Ltd., Vienna, Austria, as a university spin-off. While offering embedded systems design services to customers, Oregano transferred the groups’ research results into a complete product suite for highly accurate clock synchronization under the brand name syn1588, for which he manages both development and marketing. He is an active member of the IEEE1588 standardization committee and the SMPTE 32NF standards group and holds frequent seminars on clock synchronization for both industry and academia.",
        "name": "Nikolaus Kerö",
        "orcid": "0000-0002-2691-544X"
      }
    ],
    "authors$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "contentType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "SMPTE",
      "holder$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "year": "2020",
      "year$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      }
    },
    "copyright$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
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      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-JMI.2020.2979652",
    "docId$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 129, Issue: 4, May 2020)",
    "docLabel$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docTitle": "Strategies to Protect Time Transfer in ST 2059-2 PTP Networks",
    "docTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "docType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "doi": "10.5594/JMI.2020.2979652",
    "doi$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/JMI.2020.2979652",
    "href$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "issn": {
      "electronic": "2160-2492",
      "electronic$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
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        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "print": "1545-0279",
      "print$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    },
    "issn$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalAcronym$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal",
    "journalTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "keywords": [
      "GNSS",
      "PTP",
      "Security",
      "ST 2059-2"
    ],
    "keywords$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "number": "4",
    "number$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
    },
    "pages": "21–34",
    "pages$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
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      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "publicationDate": "2020-05-01",
    "publicationDate$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisher$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
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      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "city$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
      },
      "country": "USA",
      "country$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
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        "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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      "confidence": "high",
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    "references": {
      "bibliographic": [
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        "SMPTE.ST2110-10.2017",
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        "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
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    "volume": "129",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Ingested from SMPTE IDAMS <publication> (_source/SMPTE/Journal Article Repository/2020/7261654/9085456/09089056.xml) via idamsIngest.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-10-07T17:09:33.718Z",
      "version": "smpte-idams-publication@v1"
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}