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  "docId": "10.5594-J18176XY",
  "document": {
    "abbrevTitle": "J SMPTE",
    "abbrevTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "abstract": "Quenching spark gaps are comparatively simple and reliable devices for precision control of high-voltage pulses with great energy, particularly when operating at extremely high frequencies. Research was carried out into the parameters of pulse energy, pulsing rate, numbers and shapes of discs and gaseous filing. Among others, results showed that one pair of discs can stand a load of approximately 350 v. A quenching spark gap consisting of 25 discs therefore permits triggering of voltages up to 9 kv. The controllable frequency likewise increases with the number of discs. Thus it is possible to control a 50-kc/sec frequency with a 25-disc quenching spark gap. When operating on the uncontrolled free-run principle, quenching spark gaps can even trigger considerably higher frequencies. A 25-disc gap thus reaches frequencies of up to 300 kc/sec. Even with such uncontrolled discharges a precise start and stop of, say, a flashburst can be ensured by means of heavy-duty thyratrons, one in series with the charging resistor and one short-circuiting the quenching spark gap after a delay. Pure hydrogen or helium proved to be most suitable for the gas filling, and with these gases, copper discs at a spacing of 0.15 to 0.2 mm gave best results. The life of the discs depends on the degree of surface cratering. However as the quenching spark gap is demountable, one or several redressings of the electrode discs are possible. A cathode is not employed in this system, so there is no limitation of peak current, but only a thermal load limit which is computed according to specific temperature, mass of material and cooling coefficient of the filling gas. Thus, the quenching spark gap has a wide field of application as a trigger element of low resistance for high-frequency, high-energy pulses for feeding spark discharge lamps, air sparks or pulse transformers, etc.",
    "abstract$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J18176.xml) · Cross-merged from same-article DOI twin 10.5594-J18176",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-06-17T22:53:45.290Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "authors": [
      {
        "name": "Frank Frungel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Walter Thorwart"
      }
    ],
    "authors$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Object form (schema 2.3.0) migrated from string form via migrateAuthorsToObjectForm.js",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-06-23T00:04:25.562Z",
      "version": "authors-migrate-object-form@v1"
    },
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "contentType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Reclassified from info-society by title review (2026-07-09, infoSocietyReview.md): 'orig-research'",
      "originalValue": "info-society",
      "source": "resolved",
      "updated": "2026-07-09T19:37:05.512Z",
      "version": "contenttype-fixes@v1"
    },
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "holder$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      },
      "year": "1962",
      "year$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      }
    },
    "copyright$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J18176XY",
    "docId$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Derived from DOI 10.5594/J18176XY",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "docLabel": "Journal of the SMPTE ( Volume: 71, Issue: 1A, 1962)",
    "docLabel$meta": {
      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Composed from journal title, volume, issue and date",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "docTitle": "Paper M–1: Quenching Spark Gaps as Trigger Elements in High-Speed Cinematography",
    "docTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "docType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "journal_metadata XML — SMPTE journal paper",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "doi": "10.5594/J18176XY",
    "doi$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J18176XY",
    "href$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Constructed from DOI 10.5594/J18176XY",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "issn": {
      "print": "0361-4573",
      "print$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      }
    },
    "issn$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalAcronym$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "journalTitle": "Journal of the SMPTE",
    "journalTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Era-accurate journal title from SMPTE canonical repository (periodical parent at time of publication) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)",
      "originalValue": null,
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-07-08T00:35:38.133Z",
      "version": "smpte-canonical-repo@v1"
    },
    "number": "1A",
    "number$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "pages": "469–472",
    "pages$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "publicationDate": "1962-01-01",
    "publicationDate$meta": {
      "confidence": "low",
      "note": "Month/day absent in source — padded to 01-01",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisher$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Normalised to registry \"SMPTE\" convention from publisher-name (SMPTE)",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "city$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      },
      "country": "USA",
      "country$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      }
    },
    "publisherLocation$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/Journal%20of%20the%20SMPTE/71/1A/129/",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Backfilled from url.validate report #resolvedHref",
      "originalValue": null,
      "source": "resolved",
      "updated": "2026-06-19T20:59:07.437Z"
    },
    "status": {
      "active": true,
      "active$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Mapped from article_status=\"active\"",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      }
    },
    "volume": "71",
    "volume$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/10012015 BACKFILE JOURNAL REVISED/smptej_71_1A/MIJR15Vol71No1A.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T23:54:08.922Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
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}