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    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag. J",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
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    "abstract": "This historical paper reviews the evolution of cinema lens designs over 60 years, including the recession of the cinema business from 1955 to 1963.1 As a product, cinema lenses are required for all cinema or studio film projection, but were always a sideline of larger optical firms and accorded secondary priority. Such lenses were judged by the on-axis resolution in the optics lab, yet cinema screen image resolution was always found to be only a fraction of the test result of the optics lab.",
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    "authors": [
      {
        "bio": "Glenn Berggren , a Life Fellow of SMPTE, entered the cinema equipment industry in 1962 by joining Kollmorgen Optical. After ten years with firms such as Chrysler (car engineering) and General Electric (stereosound), he accepted the challenge of nonmilitary marketing with Kollmorgen, the submarine periscope manufacturer. After two years with Kollmorgen he became the cinema industry “lens-man.” Because of complaints about faulty screen images, he sought answers from the specialists at Kodak, Century, Strong, Simplex, and other cinema equipment suppliers, but basic answers were not found. Between 1962 and 1974 he completed Ultra-Vision and other major R&D programs and inventions. After 1974, he led the development of three sets of new concepts for ISCO lenses. Berggren is solely responsible for six different cinema lens series. He moved to Wil-Kin/Atlanta, in 1968, to join the Ultra-Vision R&D program. He later went to ISCO in 1976, then Optical Radiation Corp. in 1980. Berggren obtained six Academy Technical Awards for screen image factors, two for Kollmorgen, one for Ultra-Vision HD, plus three for ISCO lens series. His primary contributions to the cinema industry are the permanent change in design concepts for all film cinema lens designs, the six lens series, the RP 40 test film, plus SMPTE performance standards of the Theatrical Projection Technology Committee, where he was chair on four separate occasions. He has authored over 100 articles and technical papers, and continues to work as a consultant.",
        "name": "Glenn Berggren"
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      "updated": "2026-07-07T23:39:31.295Z",
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      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
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        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      },
      "year": "2007",
      "year$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
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    },
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      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "docId": "10.5594-J16098",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Derived from DOI 10.5594/J16098",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "docLabel": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 116, Issue: 2-3, 2007)",
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      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Composed from venue title, volume/issue and date",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "docTitle": "The Evolution of the Cinema Lens—Part 2: The Cinema Revival: 1962–1974",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Title updated from SMPTE canonical repository (2026-07-09 drift review: canonical richer/cleaner; TeX/sup/inf converted to Unicode) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)",
      "originalValue": "The Evolution of the Cinema Lens—Part 2",
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    "doi": "10.5594/J16098",
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      "confidence": "high",
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      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "issn": {
      "electronic": "2160-2492",
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        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalAcronym$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/08202015 BACKFILE JOURNAL FRESH/smptej_116_2-3/MIJR15Vol116No2-3.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-06-17T00:17:09.425Z",
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    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Era-accurate journal title from SMPTE canonical repository (periodical parent at time of publication) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)",
      "originalValue": null,
      "source": "parsed",
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    "number": "2-3",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "pages": "87–103",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "publicationDate": "2007-02-01",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Month corrected from SMPTE canonical repository (registry had Jan-1 placeholder) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)",
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      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-07-08T00:35:38.133Z",
      "version": "smpte-canonical-repo@v1"
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Normalised to registry \"SMPTE\" convention from NLM publisher-name (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers)",
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        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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      "country": "USA",
      "country$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/08202015 BACKFILE JOURNAL FRESH/smptej_116_2-3/MIJR15Vol116No2-3.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-06-17T00:17:09.425Z",
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      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16098.xml)",
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      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
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