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  "docId": "10.5594-J16000",
  "document": {
    "abbrevTitle": "SMPTE Mot. Imag. J",
    "abbrevTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "abstract": "The operation of a contemporary high-definition television (HDTV) lens-camera for sports and special events is a multifaceted task entailing close coordination of the camera operator with a program director and utilization of honed skills in picture framing, panning, and tilting, while maintaining a sharp focus on chosen objects within complex three-dimensional scenes The latter is made especially difficult by the absence of any true HDTV viewfinder; far higher focus sensitivity in HDTV than in standard-definition television (SDTV); and widely varying scene-lighting conditions calling for lens aperture settings that can shorten depth of field, all compounded at times by having to maintain that accurate focus on fast-moving objects within the scene. This imposes a significant strain on the camera operator, which can lead to considerable fatigue during extended shoots. This paper describes a powerful new auto-focus technology recently incorporated into two long zoom HDTV field lenses (today's zoom ranges for such lenses are on the order of 100:1 for sports coverage). The system borrows from a technology that has become central to digital still image single lens reflex cameras—called Secondary Image Registration Phase Difference technology. Sensing capabilities have been added that ensure a high accuracy in image-focus, while precisely maintaining that focus when tracking a fast-moving subject within the scene. Consistent HDTV sharpness is maintained thus freeing the camera operator to pay full attention to the important creative aspects of image framing and lens-camera positional manipulation with a lowering of fatigue.",
    "abstract$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "authors": [
      {
        "affiliation": "Broadcast and Communications Division of Canon U.S.A.",
        "bio": "Laurence J Thorpe joined the Broadcast and Communications Division of Canon U.S.A., Inc., in 2004 as national marketing executive. Before that, he worked at Sony Electronics, where he spent more than 20 years in HDTV development. Thorpe also worked for RCA's Broadcast Division from 1966 to 1982, where he developed a range of color television cameras and telecine products. He holds ten patents from this period. From 1961 to 1966, Thorpe worked in the Designs Dept. of the BBC in London, England, where he participated in the development of a range of color television studio products. Thorpe graduated from the College of Technology in Dublin, Ireland, in 1961, with a degree n electrical engineering. He received his Chartered Engineer (C. Eng.) and MIEE distinction in 1965 from the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London, England.",
        "name": "Laurence J. Thorpe"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Broadcast Equipment Development Center of Canon Inc., in Utsunomiya Japan.",
        "bio": "Yasuyuki Tomita is manager of the Broadcast Equipment Development Center of Canon Inc., in Utsunomiya Japan. He has been involved with the optical design of broadcast application zoom lenses since he joined the Broadcast Equipment Division's R&D Group of Canon Inc. in 1990. Tomita has designed lenses for sport production, studio production, and portable ENG applications. Recently, he has been involved with the development of AF technologies and other new optical technologies planned for use in broadcast television lenses.",
        "name": "Yasuyuki Tomita"
      },
      {
        "affiliation": "Broadcast Equipment Development Center of Canon Inc., in Utsunomiya Japan.",
        "bio": "Ken Ito received a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Waseda, Tokyo, Japan, in 1985. He immediately joined Canon Inc. where he worked in the R&D group on mechanical design of portable ENG lenses. In 1992, Ito transferred to the Broadcast & Communications Division of Canon U.S.A., where he is currently director of product management and administration. During this period, he has been the principal technical liaison—on all broadcast lenses and the CanoBeam laser transmission system—between the U.S. marketing requirements and the R&D group in Utsunomiya, Japan.",
        "name": "Ken Ito"
      }
    ],
    "authors$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Object form (schema 2.3.0) migrated from string form via migrateAuthorsToObjectForm.js; bio/affiliation backfilled from _source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/ NLM <contrib-group>+<aff>+<bio>",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-06-23T00:04:25.562Z",
      "version": "authors-migrate-object-form@v1"
    },
    "contentType": "orig-research",
    "contentType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Cross-filled from SMPTE canonical repository import (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json); previous value was a placeholder",
      "originalValue": "other",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-07-07T23:39:31.295Z",
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    },
    "copyright": {
      "holder": "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.",
      "holder$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      },
      "year": "2008",
      "year$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      }
    },
    "copyright$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "docId": "10.5594-J16000",
    "docId$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Derived from DOI 10.5594/J16000",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "docLabel": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal ( Volume: 117, Issue: 2, March 2008)",
    "docLabel$meta": {
      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Composed from venue title, volume/issue and date",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "docTitle": "Auto-Focus System for HDTV Field Lenses",
    "docTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "docType": "Journal Article",
    "docType$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "NLM <article> — SMPTE journal paper",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "doi": "10.5594/J16000",
    "doi$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "href": "https://doi.org/10.5594/J16000",
    "href$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Constructed from DOI 10.5594/J16000",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "issn": {
      "electronic": "2160-2492",
      "electronic$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      },
      "print": "1545-0279",
      "print$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      }
    },
    "issn$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "journalAcronym": "MIJR",
    "journalAcronym$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/08202015 BACKFILE JOURNAL FRESH/smptej_117_2/MIJR15Vol117No2.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-06-17T00:17:09.425Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
    },
    "journalTitle": "SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal",
    "journalTitle$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Era-accurate journal title from SMPTE canonical repository (periodical parent at time of publication) (smpte-canonical-audit/canonicalLibrary.*.json)",
      "originalValue": null,
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-07-08T00:35:38.133Z",
      "version": "smpte-canonical-repo@v1"
    },
    "number": "2",
    "number$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "pages": "22–29",
    "pages$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "publicationDate": "2008-03-01",
    "publicationDate$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Day absent in NLM source — padded to 01",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "publisher": "SMPTE",
    "publisher$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Normalised to registry \"SMPTE\" convention from NLM publisher-name (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers)",
      "source": "inferred",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
      "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
    },
    "publisherLocation": {
      "city": "White Plains, NY",
      "city$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
      },
      "country": "USA",
      "country$meta": {
        "confidence": "high",
        "note": "Parsed from journal_metadata XML (_source/SMPTE/APTARA/DL Project Files/08202015 BACKFILE JOURNAL FRESH/smptej_117_2/MIJR15Vol117No2.xml)",
        "source": "parsed",
        "updated": "2026-06-17T00:17:09.425Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-issue-xml@v1"
      }
    },
    "publisherLocation$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
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    "references": {
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      "bibliographic$meta": {
        "confidence": "medium",
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    "resolvedHref": "https://journal.smpte.org/periodicals/SMPTE%20Motion%20Imaging%20Journal/117/2/15/",
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      "confidence": "high",
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      "updated": "2026-06-19T20:59:07.433Z"
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      "active$meta": {
        "confidence": "medium",
        "note": "No explicit status in NLM source — journal papers default active",
        "source": "inferred",
        "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
        "version": "smpte-journal-article-nlm@v1"
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    "volume": "117",
    "volume$meta": {
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "Parsed from NLM article XML (_source/SMPTE/HIGHWIRE/Source Bak/smptej/10.5594_J16000.xml)",
      "source": "parsed",
      "updated": "2026-05-22T21:44:19.125Z",
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}